IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v12y2019i16p3167-d258611.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Phase Change Materials (PCM) for Solar Energy Usages and Storage: An Overview

Author

Listed:
  • M. Mofijur

    (School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia)

  • Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia

    (School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia)

  • Arridina Susan Silitonga

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Medan, Medan 20155, Indonesia)

  • Hwai Chyuan Ong

    (School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia)

  • Mahyar Silakhori

    (School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia)

  • Muhammad Heikal Hasan

    (School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Pertamina, Jakarta 12220, Indonesia)

  • Nandy Putra

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok 16424, Indonesia)

  • S.M. Ashrafur Rahman

    (Biofuel Engine Research Facility (BERF), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia)

Abstract

Solar energy is a renewable energy source that can be utilized for different applications in today’s world. The effective use of solar energy requires a storage medium that can facilitate the storage of excess energy, and then supply this stored energy when it is needed. An effective method of storing thermal energy from solar is through the use of phase change materials (PCMs). PCMs are isothermal in nature, and thus offer higher density energy storage and the ability to operate in a variable range of temperature conditions. This article provides a comprehensive review of the application of PCMs for solar energy use and storage such as for solar power generation, water heating systems, solar cookers, and solar dryers. This paper will benefit the researcher in conducting further research on solar power generation, water heating system, solar cookers, and solar dryers using PCMs for commercial development.

Suggested Citation

  • M. Mofijur & Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia & Arridina Susan Silitonga & Hwai Chyuan Ong & Mahyar Silakhori & Muhammad Heikal Hasan & Nandy Putra & S.M. Ashrafur Rahman, 2019. "Phase Change Materials (PCM) for Solar Energy Usages and Storage: An Overview," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-20, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:16:p:3167-:d:258611
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/16/3167/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/16/3167/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Oró, E. & de Gracia, A. & Castell, A. & Farid, M.M. & Cabeza, L.F., 2012. "Review on phase change materials (PCMs) for cold thermal energy storage applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 513-533.
    2. Juan Zhao & Yasheng Ji & Yanping Yuan & Zhaoli Zhang & Jun Lu, 2018. "Energy-Saving Analysis of Solar Heating System with PCM Storage Tank," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-18, January.
    3. Huang, Yun-Hsun & Wu, Jung-Hua, 2008. "Analysis of biodiesel promotion in Taiwan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 12(4), pages 1176-1186, May.
    4. Lin, Yaxue & Alva, Guruprasad & Fang, Guiyin, 2018. "Review on thermal performances and applications of thermal energy storage systems with inorganic phase change materials," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PA), pages 685-708.
    5. Mohamed, Shamseldin A. & Al-Sulaiman, Fahad A. & Ibrahim, Nasiru I. & Zahir, Md. Hasan & Al-Ahmed, Amir & Saidur, R. & Yılbaş, B.S. & Sahin, A.Z., 2017. "A review on current status and challenges of inorganic phase change materials for thermal energy storage systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 1072-1089.
    6. Bhargava, Ashok Kumar, 1983. "A solar water heater based on phase-changing material," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 197-209.
    7. Regin, A. Felix & Solanki, S.C. & Saini, J.S., 2008. "Heat transfer characteristics of thermal energy storage system using PCM capsules: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 12(9), pages 2438-2458, December.
    8. Evans, Annette & Strezov, Vladimir & Evans, Tim J., 2012. "Assessment of utility energy storage options for increased renewable energy penetration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(6), pages 4141-4147.
    9. Mofijur, M. & Atabani, A.E. & Masjuki, H.H. & Kalam, M.A. & Masum, B.M., 2013. "A study on the effects of promising edible and non-edible biodiesel feedstocks on engine performance and emissions production: A comparative evaluation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 23(C), pages 391-404.
    10. Zhao, C.Y. & Zhang, G.H., 2011. "Review on microencapsulated phase change materials (MEPCMs): Fabrication, characterization and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(8), pages 3813-3832.
    11. Song, Guolin & Ma, Sude & Tang, Guoyi & Yin, Zhansong & Wang, Xiaowei, 2010. "Preparation and characterization of flame retardant form-stable phase change materials composed by EPDM, paraffin and nano magnesium hydroxide," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 2179-2183.
    12. Sharma, Vinod Kumar & Colangelo, Antonio & Spagna, Giuseppe, 1995. "Experimental investigation of different solar dryers suitable for fruit and vegetable drying," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 6(4), pages 413-424.
    13. Zhang, P. & Meng, Z.N. & Zhu, H. & Wang, Y.L. & Peng, S.P., 2017. "Melting heat transfer characteristics of a composite phase change material fabricated by paraffin and metal foam," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 1971-1983.
    14. Verma, Prashant & Varun & Singal, S.K., 2008. "Review of mathematical modeling on latent heat thermal energy storage systems using phase-change material," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 12(4), pages 999-1031, May.
    15. Ong, H.C. & Mahlia, T.M.I. & Masjuki, H.H., 2011. "A review on emissions and mitigation strategies for road transport in Malaysia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(8), pages 3516-3522.
    16. Zauner, Christoph & Hengstberger, Florian & Mörzinger, Benjamin & Hofmann, Rene & Walter, Heimo, 2017. "Experimental characterization and simulation of a hybrid sensible-latent heat storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 506-519.
    17. Michael Lanahan & Paulo Cesar Tabares-Velasco, 2017. "Seasonal Thermal-Energy Storage: A Critical Review on BTES Systems, Modeling, and System Design for Higher System Efficiency," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-24, May.
    18. Pirasaci, Tolga & Goswami, D. Yogi, 2016. "Influence of design on performance of a latent heat storage system for a direct steam generation power plant," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 644-652.
    19. Indora, Sunil & Kandpal, Tara C., 2018. "Institutional cooking with solar energy: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 131-154.
    20. Lin, Yaxue & Jia, Yuting & Alva, Guruprasad & Fang, Guiyin, 2018. "Review on thermal conductivity enhancement, thermal properties and applications of phase change materials in thermal energy storage," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2730-2742.
    21. Chong, W.T. & Naghavi, M.S. & Poh, S.C. & Mahlia, T.M.I. & Pan, K.C., 2011. "Techno-economic analysis of a wind–solar hybrid renewable energy system with rainwater collection feature for urban high-rise application," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(11), pages 4067-4077.
    22. Bal, Lalit M. & Satya, Santosh & Naik, S.N., 2010. "Solar dryer with thermal energy storage systems for drying agricultural food products: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(8), pages 2298-2314, October.
    23. Domanski, R. & El-Sebaii, A.A. & Jaworski, M., 1995. "Cooking during off-sunshine hours using PCMs as storage media," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 20(7), pages 607-616.
    24. Pelay, Ugo & Luo, Lingai & Fan, Yilin & Stitou, Driss & Rood, Mark, 2017. "Thermal energy storage systems for concentrated solar power plants," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 82-100.
    25. Kenisarin, Murat & Mahkamov, Khamid, 2007. "Solar energy storage using phase change materials," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 11(9), pages 1913-1965, December.
    26. Silitonga, A.S. & Atabani, A.E. & Mahlia, T.M.I. & Masjuki, H.H. & Badruddin, Irfan Anjum & Mekhilef, S., 2011. "A review on prospect of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel in Indonesia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(8), pages 3733-3756.
    27. Zhou, D. & Zhao, C.Y. & Tian, Y., 2012. "Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials (PCMs) in building applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 593-605.
    28. Otte, Pia Piroschka, 2014. "Solar cooking in Mozambique—an investigation of end-user׳s needs for the design of solar cookers," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 366-375.
    29. Kumaresan, G. & Santosh, R. & Raju, G. & Velraj, R., 2018. "Experimental and numerical investigation of solar flat plate cooking unit for domestic applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 436-447.
    30. Tyagi, V.V. & Kaushik, S.C. & Tyagi, S.K. & Akiyama, T., 2011. "Development of phase change materials based microencapsulated technology for buildings: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(2), pages 1373-1391, February.
    31. Lamidi, Rasaq. O. & Jiang, L. & Pathare, Pankaj B. & Wang, Y.D. & Roskilly, A.P., 2019. "Recent advances in sustainable drying of agricultural produce: A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233, pages 367-385.
    32. Muthusivagami, R.M. & Velraj, R. & Sethumadhavan, R., 2010. "Solar cookers with and without thermal storage--A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 691-701, February.
    33. Agyenim, Francis & Eames, Philip & Smyth, Mervyn, 2010. "Heat transfer enhancement in medium temperature thermal energy storage system using a multitube heat transfer array," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 198-207.
    34. Mehrali, Mohammad & Ghatkesar, Murali Krishna & Pecnik, Rene, 2018. "Full-spectrum volumetric solar thermal conversion via graphene/silver hybrid plasmonic nanofluids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C), pages 103-115.
    35. Shukla, Anant & Buddhi, D. & Sawhney, R.L., 2009. "Solar water heaters with phase change material thermal energy storage medium: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(8), pages 2119-2125, October.
    36. Augustus Leon, M. & Kumar, S. & Bhattacharya, S. C., 2002. "A comprehensive procedure for performance evaluation of solar food dryers," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 6(4), pages 367-393, August.
    37. Mettawee, Eman-Bellah S. & Assassa, Ghazy M.R., 2006. "Experimental study of a compact PCM solar collector," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 31(14), pages 2958-2968.
    38. Mazandarani, A. & Mahlia, T.M.I. & Chong, W.T. & Moghavvemi, M., 2011. "Fuel consumption and emission prediction by Iranian power plants until 2025," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(3), pages 1575-1592, April.
    39. Ozoegwu, C.G. & Mgbemene, C.A. & Ozor, P.A., 2017. "The status of solar energy integration and policy in Nigeria," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 457-471.
    40. Sittisart, Pongphat & Farid, Mohammed M., 2011. "Fire retardants for phase change materials," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(9), pages 3140-3145.
    41. Flavio Raponi & Roberto Moscetti & Danilo Monarca & Andrea Colantoni & Riccardo Massantini, 2017. "Monitoring and Optimization of the Process of Drying Fruits and Vegetables Using Computer Vision: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-27, November.
    42. Nkhonjera, Lameck & Bello-Ochende, Tunde & John, Geoffrey & King’ondu, Cecil K., 2017. "A review of thermal energy storage designs, heat storage materials and cooking performance of solar cookers with heat storage," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 157-167.
    43. Hepbasli, Arif & Alsuhaibani, Zeyad, 2011. "A key review on present status and future directions of solar energy studies and applications in Saudi Arabia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(9), pages 5021-5050.
    44. Aditya, L. & Mahlia, T.M.I. & Rismanchi, B. & Ng, H.M. & Hasan, M.H. & Metselaar, H.S.C. & Muraza, Oki & Aditiya, H.B., 2017. "A review on insulation materials for energy conservation in buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 1352-1365.
    45. Mofijur, M. & Masjuki, H.H. & Kalam, M.A. & Hazrat, M.A. & Liaquat, A.M. & Shahabuddin, M. & Varman, M., 2012. "Prospects of biodiesel from Jatropha in Malaysia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(7), pages 5007-5020.
    46. Saxena, Abhishek & Varun & Pandey, S.P. & Srivastav, G., 2011. "A thermodynamic review on solar box type cookers," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(6), pages 3301-3318, August.
    47. Alva, Guruprasad & Lin, Yaxue & Fang, Guiyin, 2018. "An overview of thermal energy storage systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 341-378.
    48. Jaisankar, S. & Ananth, J. & Thulasi, S. & Jayasuthakar, S.T. & Sheeba, K.N., 2011. "A comprehensive review on solar water heaters," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(6), pages 3045-3050, August.
    49. Tahan Latibari, Sara & Mehrali, Mohammad & Mehrali, Mehdi & Indra Mahlia, Teuku Meurah & Cornelis Metselaar, Hendrik Simon, 2013. "Synthesis, characterization and thermal properties of nanoencapsulated phase change materials via sol–gel method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 664-672.
    50. Mohammadnejad, M. & Ghazvini, M. & Mahlia, T.M.I. & Andriyana, A., 2011. "A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Iran," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(9), pages 4652-4658.
    51. Mofijur, M. & Masjuki, H.H. & Kalam, M.A. & Atabani, A.E., 2013. "Evaluation of biodiesel blending, engine performance and emissions characteristics of Jatropha curcas methyl ester: Malaysian perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 879-887.
    52. Sharma, Atul & Tyagi, V.V. & Chen, C.R. & Buddhi, D., 2009. "Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(2), pages 318-345, February.
    53. Mat Yasin, M.H. & Yusaf, Talal & Mamat, R. & Fitri Yusop, A., 2014. "Characterization of a diesel engine operating with a small proportion of methanol as a fuel additive in biodiesel blend," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 865-873.
    54. Hasan, A. & Sayigh, A.A., 1994. "Some fatty acids as phase-change thermal energy storage materials," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 4(1), pages 69-76.
    55. Jain, Dilip & Tewari, Pratibha, 2015. "Performance of indirect through pass natural convective solar crop dryer with phase change thermal energy storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 244-250.
    56. Gil, Antoni & Medrano, Marc & Martorell, Ingrid & Lázaro, Ana & Dolado, Pablo & Zalba, Belén & Cabeza, Luisa F., 2010. "State of the art on high temperature thermal energy storage for power generation. Part 1--Concepts, materials and modellization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 31-55, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Seddegh, Saeid & Wang, Xiaolin & Henderson, Alan D. & Xing, Ziwen, 2015. "Solar domestic hot water systems using latent heat energy storage medium: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 517-533.
    2. Kenisarin, Murat & Mahkamov, Khamid, 2016. "Passive thermal control in residential buildings using phase change materials," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 371-398.
    3. Ge, Haoshan & Li, Haiyan & Mei, Shengfu & Liu, Jing, 2013. "Low melting point liquid metal as a new class of phase change material: An emerging frontier in energy area," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 21(C), pages 331-346.
    4. Salunkhe, Pramod B. & Shembekar, Prashant S., 2012. "A review on effect of phase change material encapsulation on the thermal performance of a system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(8), pages 5603-5616.
    5. Soares, N. & Bastos, J. & Pereira, L. Dias & Soares, A. & Amaral, A.R. & Asadi, E. & Rodrigues, E. & Lamas, F.B. & Monteiro, H. & Lopes, M.A.R. & Gaspar, A.R., 2017. "A review on current advances in the energy and environmental performance of buildings towards a more sustainable built environment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 845-860.
    6. Li, Zhi & Lu, Yiji & Huang, Rui & Chang, Jinwei & Yu, Xiaonan & Jiang, Ruicheng & Yu, Xiaoli & Roskilly, Anthony Paul, 2021. "Applications and technological challenges for heat recovery, storage and utilisation with latent thermal energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    7. Zeinelabdein, Rami & Omer, Siddig & Gan, Guohui, 2018. "Critical review of latent heat storage systems for free cooling in buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2843-2868.
    8. Zhang, Ying & Wang, Xiaodong & Wu, Dezhen, 2016. "Microencapsulation of n-dodecane into zirconia shell doped with rare earth: Design and synthesis of bifunctional microcapsules for photoluminescence enhancement and thermal energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 113-126.
    9. Nie, Binjian & Palacios, Anabel & Zou, Boyang & Liu, Jiaxu & Zhang, Tongtong & Li, Yunren, 2020. "Review on phase change materials for cold thermal energy storage applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    10. Khatri, Rahul & Goyal, Rahul & Sharma, Ravi Kumar, 2021. "Advances in the developments of solar cooker for sustainable development: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    11. Anisur, M.R. & Mahfuz, M.H. & Kibria, M.A. & Saidur, R. & Metselaar, I.H.S.C. & Mahlia, T.M.I., 2013. "Curbing global warming with phase change materials for energy storage," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 23-30.
    12. Rathod, Manish K. & Banerjee, Jyotirmay, 2013. "Thermal stability of phase change materials used in latent heat energy storage systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 246-258.
    13. Memon, Shazim Ali, 2014. "Phase change materials integrated in building walls: A state of the art review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 870-906.
    14. He, Fang & Wang, Xiaodong & Wu, Dezhen, 2014. "New approach for sol–gel synthesis of microencapsulated n-octadecane phase change material with silica wall using sodium silicate precursor," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 223-233.
    15. Du, Kun & Calautit, John & Wang, Zhonghua & Wu, Yupeng & Liu, Hao, 2018. "A review of the applications of phase change materials in cooling, heating and power generation in different temperature ranges," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 242-273.
    16. Indora, Sunil & Kandpal, Tara C., 2018. "Institutional cooking with solar energy: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 131-154.
    17. Soares, N. & Gaspar, A.R. & Santos, P. & Costa, J.J., 2015. "Experimental study of the heat transfer through a vertical stack of rectangular cavities filled with phase change materials," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 192-205.
    18. Kahwaji, Samer & Johnson, Michel B. & Kheirabadi, Ali C. & Groulx, Dominic & White, Mary Anne, 2018. "A comprehensive study of properties of paraffin phase change materials for solar thermal energy storage and thermal management applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1169-1182.
    19. Agyenim, Francis & Hewitt, Neil & Eames, Philip & Smyth, Mervyn, 2010. "A review of materials, heat transfer and phase change problem formulation for latent heat thermal energy storage systems (LHTESS)," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 615-628, February.
    20. Zhou, Zhihua & Zhang, Zhiming & Zuo, Jian & Huang, Ke & Zhang, Liying, 2015. "Phase change materials for solar thermal energy storage in residential buildings in cold climate," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 692-703.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:16:p:3167-:d:258611. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.