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Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A Review

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  • Khairul Azly Zahan

    (Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
    Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja 86400, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia)

  • Manabu Kano

    (Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan)

Abstract

The sustainability of petroleum-based fuel supply has gained broad attention from the global community due to the increase of usage in various sectors, depletion of petroleum resources, and uncertain around crude oil market prices. Additionally, environmental problems have also arisen from the increasing emissions of harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases. Therefore, the use of clean energy sources including biodiesel is crucial. Biodiesel is mainly produced from unlimited natural resources through a transesterification process. It presents various advantages over petro-diesel; for instance, it is non-toxic, biodegradable, and contains less air pollutant per net energy produced with low sulphur and aromatic content, apart from being safe. Considering the importance of this topic, this paper focuses on the use of palm oil, its by-products, and mill effluent for biodiesel production. Palm oil is known as an excellent raw material because biodiesel has similar properties to the regular petro-diesel. Due to the debate on the usage of palm oil as food versus fuel, extensive studies have been conducted to utilise its by-products and mill effluent as raw materials. This paper also discusses the properties of biodiesel, the difference between palm-biodiesel and other biodiesel sources, and the feasibility of using palm oil as a primary source for future alternative and sustainable energy sources.

Suggested Citation

  • Khairul Azly Zahan & Manabu Kano, 2018. "Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-25, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:11:y:2018:i:8:p:2132-:d:163984
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    14. Batara Surya & Andi Muhibuddin & Seri Suriani & Emil Salim Rasyidi & Baharuddin Baharuddin & Andi Tenri Fitriyah & Herminawaty Abubakar, 2021. "Economic Evaluation, Use of Renewable Energy, and Sustainable Urban Development Mamminasata Metropolitan, Indonesia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-45, January.
    15. Nesma M. Helal & Hesham F. Alharby & Basmah M. Alharbi & Atif. A. Bamagoos & Ahmed M. Hashim, 2020. "Thymelaea hirsuta and Echinops spinosus : Xerophytic Plants with High Potential for First-Generation Biodiesel Production," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-16, February.
    16. Ho Young Kim & Jun Cong Ge & Nag Jung Choi, 2019. "Effects of Fuel Injection Pressure on Combustion and Emission Characteristics under Low Speed Conditions in a Diesel Engine Fueled with Palm Oil Biodiesel," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-14, August.
    17. Sivabalan Kaniapan & Suhaimi Hassan & Hamdan Ya & Kartikeyan Patma Nesan & Mohammad Azeem, 2021. "The Utilisation of Palm Oil and Oil Palm Residues and the Related Challenges as a Sustainable Alternative in Biofuel, Bioenergy, and Transportation Sector: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-25, March.
    18. Stefano Cianchetta & Enrico Ceotto & Stefania Galletti, 2023. "Microbial Oil Production from Alkali Pre-Treated Giant Reed ( Arundo donax L.) by Selected Fungi," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-24, July.
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