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Synthesis of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated palm seed cake catalyst

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  • Akinfalabi, Shehu-Ibrahim
  • Rashid, Umer
  • Yunus, Robiah
  • Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin

Abstract

The use of a sulfonated soaked palm seed cake (SPSC-SO3H) derived catalyst for the production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) (the byproduct obtained during palm oil production) has been demonstrated. The activated carbon material from the soaked palm seed cake (SPSC) was sulfonated and then used for the esterification of PFAD (containing 85% of free fatty acid (FFA), 10% of triglycerides, 3% of diglycerides, 0.3% of monoglycerides and some traces of impurities). The synthesized SPSC-SO3H catalyst was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), NH3-temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD), N2 physisorption and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The SPSC-SO3H catalyst showed higher acid density (12.08 mmol g−1) and surface area (483.07 m2 g−1). The optimized reaction conditions, i.e. 9:1 methanol/PFAD molar ratio; 60 °C reaction temperature; 2.5 wt.% of the SPSC-SO3H catalyst and 2 h of reaction time was employed to achieve FFA conversion (98.2%) and FAME yield (97.8%). The SPSC-SO3H catalyst underwent eight reaction cycles and catalytic activity was dropped by 24% during recyclability study. The SPSC-SO3H catalyst demonstrates a promising and effective application for biodiesel synthesis especially for feedstocks containing high free fatty acid content.

Suggested Citation

  • Akinfalabi, Shehu-Ibrahim & Rashid, Umer & Yunus, Robiah & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin, 2017. "Synthesis of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated palm seed cake catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 611-619.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:111:y:2017:i:c:p:611-619
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.056
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    1. Leesing, Ratanaporn & Siwina, Siraprapha & Ngernyen, Yuvarat & Fiala, Khanittha, 2022. "Innovative approach for co-production of single cell oil (SCO), novel carbon-based solid acid catalyst and SCO-based biodiesel from fallen Dipterocarpus alatus leaves," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 47-60.
    2. Abdullah, Rose Fadzilah & Rashid, Umer & Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman & Hazmi, Balkis & Alharthi, Fahad A. & Nehdi, Imededdine Arbi, 2021. "Bifunctional nano-catalyst produced from palm kernel shell via hydrothermal-assisted carbonization for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    3. Yu, Hewei & Cao, Yunlong & Li, Heyao & Zhao, Gaiju & Zhang, Xingyu & Cheng, Shen & Wei, Wei, 2021. "An efficient heterogeneous acid catalyst derived from waste ginger straw for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 533-542.
    4. Leesing, Ratanaporn & Somdee, Theerasak & Siwina, Siraprapha & Ngernyen, Yuvarat & Fiala, Khanittha, 2022. "Production of 2G and 3G biodiesel, yeast oil, and sulfonated carbon catalyst from waste coconut meal: An integrated cascade biorefinery approach," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 1093-1104.
    5. Sooraj Kumar & Suhail Ahmed Soomro & Khanji Harijan & Mohammad Aslam Uqaili & Laveet Kumar, 2023. "Advancements of Biochar-Based Catalyst for Improved Production of Biodiesel: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-20, January.
    6. Thushari, Indika & Babel, Sandhya & Samart, Chanatip, 2019. "Biodiesel production in an autoclave reactor using waste palm oil and coconut coir husk derived catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 125-134.
    7. Essamlali, Younes & Amadine, Othmane & Fihri, Aziz & Zahouily, Mohamed, 2019. "Sodium modified fluorapatite as a sustainable solid bi-functional catalyst for biodiesel production from rapeseed oil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 1295-1307.
    8. Sangar, Shatesh Kumar & Syazwani, Osman Nur & Farabi, M.S. Ahmad & Razali, S.M. & Shobhana, Gnanasekhar & Teo, Siow Hwa & Taufiq-Yap, Yun Hin, 2019. "Effective biodiesel synthesis from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using carbon-based solid acid catalyst derived glycerol," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 658-667.
    9. Rocha, Pablo D. & Oliveira, Leandro S. & Franca, Adriana S., 2019. "Sulfonated activated carbon from corn cobs as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production using microwave-assisted transesterification," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 1710-1716.
    10. Khairul Azly Zahan & Manabu Kano, 2018. "Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-25, August.
    11. Zailan, Zarifah & Tahir, Muhammad & Jusoh, Mazura & Zakaria, Zaki Yamani, 2021. "A review of sulfonic group bearing porous carbon catalyst for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 430-452.
    12. Leesing, Ratanaporn & Siwina, Siraprapha & Fiala, Khanittha, 2021. "Yeast-based biodiesel production using sulfonated carbon-based solid acid catalyst by an integrated biorefinery of durian peel waste," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 647-657.
    13. Niu, Shengli & Yu, Hewei & Zhao, Shuang & Zhang, Xiangyu & Li, Ximing & Han, Kuihua & Lu, Chunmei & Wang, Yongzheng, 2019. "Apparent kinetic and thermodynamic calculation for thermal degradation of stearic acid and its esterification derivants through thermogravimetric analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 373-381.
    14. Silva, Sónia M. & Peixoto, Andreia F. & Freire, Cristina, 2020. "Organosulfonic acid functionalized montmorillonites as solid catalysts for (trans) esterification of free fatty acids and (waste) oils," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 2416-2429.

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