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The Utilisation of Palm Oil and Oil Palm Residues and the Related Challenges as a Sustainable Alternative in Biofuel, Bioenergy, and Transportation Sector: A Review

Author

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  • Sivabalan Kaniapan

    (Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia)

  • Suhaimi Hassan

    (Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia)

  • Hamdan Ya

    (Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia)

  • Kartikeyan Patma Nesan

    (Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia)

  • Mohammad Azeem

    (Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia)

Abstract

The importance of energy demands that have increased exponentially over the past century has led to the sourcing of other ideal power solutions as the potential replacement alternative to the conventional fossil fuel. However, the utilisation of fossil fuel has created severe environmental issues. The identification of other renewable sources is beneficial to replace the energy utilisation globally. Biomass is a highly favourable sustainable alternative to renewable resources that can produce cleaner, cheaper, and readily available energy sources in the future. The palm oil industry is essentially ideal for the availability of abundant biomass resources, where the multifaceted residues are vital for energy production through the conversion of biomass waste into value-added products simultaneously. This article discusses the utilisation of palm oil and its residues in the energy and transportation sector. Assessment and evaluation on the feasibility of palm oil and its residues were made on the current valorisation methods such as thermochemical and biochemical techniques. Their potential as transportation fuels were concurrently reviewed. This is followed by a discussion on future challenges of palm oil industries that will take place globally, including the prospects from government and nongovernment organisations for the development of palm oil as a sustainable alternative replacement to fossil fuel. Hence, this review aims to provide further insight into the possibilities of palm oil and its residues towards sustainable development with reduced environmental-related issues.

Suggested Citation

  • Sivabalan Kaniapan & Suhaimi Hassan & Hamdan Ya & Kartikeyan Patma Nesan & Mohammad Azeem, 2021. "The Utilisation of Palm Oil and Oil Palm Residues and the Related Challenges as a Sustainable Alternative in Biofuel, Bioenergy, and Transportation Sector: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-25, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:6:p:3110-:d:515511
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    7. Cristina Moliner & Simona Focacci & Beatrice Antonucci & Aldo Moreno & Simba Biti & Fazlena Hamzah & Alfonso Martinez-Felipe & Elisabetta Arato & Claudia Fernández Martín, 2022. "Production, Activation and CO 2 Uptake Capacity of a Carbonaceous Microporous Material from Palm Oil Residues," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-12, December.
    8. Su, Guangcan & Mohd Zulkifli, Nurin Wahidah & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Ibrahim, Shaliza & Bu, Quan & Zhu, Ruonan, 2022. "Pyrolysis of oil palm wastes for bioenergy in Malaysia: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
    9. Suhartini, Sri & Rohma, Novita Ainur & Elviliana, & Hidayat, Nur & Sunyoto, Nimas Mayang S. & Mardawati, Efri & Kasbawati, & Mascruhin, Nanang & Idrus, Syazwani & Fitria, & Jung, Young Hoon & Melville, 2023. "Comparison of acid and alkaline pre-treatment on methane production from empty palm oil fruit bunches (OPEFB): Effect on characteristics, digester performance, and correlation of kinetic parameters," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
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    11. Lakshmy Naidu & Ravichandran Moorthy, 2021. "A Review of Key Sustainability Issues in Malaysian Palm Oil Industry," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-13, September.

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