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A Review of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Powertrain Technologies: Diesel Engine Vehicles, Battery Electric Vehicles, and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

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  • Carlo Cunanan

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Manh-Kien Tran

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Youngwoo Lee

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Shinghei Kwok

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Vincent Leung

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Michael Fowler

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

Abstract

Greenhouse gas emissions from the freight transportation sector are a significant contributor to climate change, pollution, and negative health impacts because of the common use of heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDVs). Governments around the world are working to transition away from diesel HDVs and to electric HDVs, to reduce emissions. Battery electric HDVs and hydrogen fuel cell HDVs are two available alternatives to diesel engines. Each diesel engine HDV, battery-electric HDV, and hydrogen fuel cell HDV powertrain has its own advantages and disadvantages. This work provides a comprehensive review to examine the working mechanism, performance metrics, and recent developments of the aforementioned HDV powertrain technologies. A detailed comparison between the three powertrain technologies, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each, is also presented, along with future perspectives of the HDV sector. Overall, diesel engine in HDVs will remain an important technology in the short-term future due to the existing infrastructure and lower costs, despite their high emissions, while battery-electric HDV technology and hydrogen fuel cell HDV technology will be slowly developed to eliminate their barriers, including costs, infrastructure, and performance limitations, to penetrate the HDV market.

Suggested Citation

  • Carlo Cunanan & Manh-Kien Tran & Youngwoo Lee & Shinghei Kwok & Vincent Leung & Michael Fowler, 2021. "A Review of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Powertrain Technologies: Diesel Engine Vehicles, Battery Electric Vehicles, and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 3(2), pages 1-16, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jcltec:v:3:y:2021:i:2:p:28-489:d:566803
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    Cited by:

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    11. Surender Reddy Salkuti, 2023. "Advanced Technologies for Energy Storage and Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-7, February.
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    14. Md Junaed Al Hossain & Md. Zakir Hasan & Md Hasanuzzaman & Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan & Mohammad Ahsan Habib, 2022. "Affordable Electric Three-Wheeler in Bangladesh: Prospects, Challenges, and Sustainable Solutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-26, December.
    15. Halder, Pobitra & Babaie, Meisam & Salek, Farhad & Shah, Kalpit & Stevanovic, Svetlana & Bodisco, Timothy A. & Zare, Ali, 2024. "Performance, emissions and economic analyses of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    16. Shi, Cheng & Cheng, Tengfei & Yang, Xiyu & Zhang, Zheng & Duan, Ruiling & Li, Xujia, 2024. "Implementation of various injection rate shapes in an ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engine with special emphasis on combustion and emissions characteristics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    17. M, Aravindan & V, Madhan Kumar & Hariharan, V.S. & Narahari, Tharun & P, Arun Kumar & K, Madhesh & G, Praveen Kumar & Prabakaran, Rajendran, 2023. "Fuelling the future: A review of non-renewable hydrogen production and storage techniques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    18. Gergő Sütheö & András Háry, 2024. "Comparison of Carbon-Dioxide Emissions of Diesel and LNG Heavy-Duty Trucks in Test Track Environment," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 6(4), pages 1-15, November.
    19. Haubensak, Lukas & Strahl, Stephan & Braun, Jochen & Faulwasser, Timm, 2024. "Towards real-time capable optimal control for fuel cell vehicles using hierarchical economic MPC," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 366(C).
    20. Andrzej Ziółkowski & Paweł Fuć & Piotr Lijewski & Aleks Jagielski & Maciej Bednarek & Władysław Kusiak, 2022. "Analysis of Exhaust Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles on Different Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-21, October.
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    22. Mariano Gallo & Mario Marinelli, 2023. "The Use of Hydrogen for Traction in Freight Transport: Estimating the Reduction in Fuel Consumption and Emissions in a Regional Context," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-20, January.
    23. Carlo James Cunanan & Carlos Andrés Elorza Casas & Mitchell Yorke & Michael Fowler & Xiao-Yu Wu, 2022. "Design and Analysis of an Offshore Wind Power to Ammonia Production System in Nova Scotia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-23, December.

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