IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jcltec/v3y2021i2p28-489d566803.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A Review of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Powertrain Technologies: Diesel Engine Vehicles, Battery Electric Vehicles, and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

Author

Listed:
  • Carlo Cunanan

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Manh-Kien Tran

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Youngwoo Lee

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Shinghei Kwok

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Vincent Leung

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

  • Michael Fowler

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada)

Abstract

Greenhouse gas emissions from the freight transportation sector are a significant contributor to climate change, pollution, and negative health impacts because of the common use of heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDVs). Governments around the world are working to transition away from diesel HDVs and to electric HDVs, to reduce emissions. Battery electric HDVs and hydrogen fuel cell HDVs are two available alternatives to diesel engines. Each diesel engine HDV, battery-electric HDV, and hydrogen fuel cell HDV powertrain has its own advantages and disadvantages. This work provides a comprehensive review to examine the working mechanism, performance metrics, and recent developments of the aforementioned HDV powertrain technologies. A detailed comparison between the three powertrain technologies, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each, is also presented, along with future perspectives of the HDV sector. Overall, diesel engine in HDVs will remain an important technology in the short-term future due to the existing infrastructure and lower costs, despite their high emissions, while battery-electric HDV technology and hydrogen fuel cell HDV technology will be slowly developed to eliminate their barriers, including costs, infrastructure, and performance limitations, to penetrate the HDV market.

Suggested Citation

  • Carlo Cunanan & Manh-Kien Tran & Youngwoo Lee & Shinghei Kwok & Vincent Leung & Michael Fowler, 2021. "A Review of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Powertrain Technologies: Diesel Engine Vehicles, Battery Electric Vehicles, and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 3(2), pages 1-16, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jcltec:v:3:y:2021:i:2:p:28-489:d:566803
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8797/3/2/28/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8797/3/2/28/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Satyam Panchal & Krishna Gudlanarva & Manh-Kien Tran & Roydon Fraser & Michael Fowler, 2020. "High Reynold’s Number Turbulent Model for Micro-Channel Cold Plate Using Reverse Engineering Approach for Water-Cooled Battery in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-25, April.
    2. Burke, Andrew & Sinha, Anish Kumar, 2020. "Technology, Sustainability, and Marketing of Battery Electric and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Medium-Duty and Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses in 2020-2040," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt7s25d8bc, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
    3. Edwards, P.P. & Kuznetsov, V.L. & David, W.I.F. & Brandon, N.P., 2008. "Hydrogen and fuel cells: Towards a sustainable energy future," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(12), pages 4356-4362, December.
    4. Shin, Jungwoo & Hwang, Won-Sik & Choi, Hyundo, 2019. "Can hydrogen fuel vehicles be a sustainable alternative on vehicle market?: Comparison of electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 239-248.
    5. Jian-ping Wen & Chuan-wei Zhang, 2015. "Research on Modeling and Control of Regenerative Braking for Brushless DC Machines Driven Electric Vehicles," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, vol. 2015, pages 1-6, August.
    6. Xu, Bin & Rathod, Dhruvang & Yebi, Adamu & Filipi, Zoran & Onori, Simona & Hoffman, Mark, 2019. "A comprehensive review of organic rankine cycle waste heat recovery systems in heavy-duty diesel engine applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 145-170.
    7. Cai, Hao & Burnham, Andrew & Chen, Rui & Wang, Michael, 2017. "Wells to wheels: Environmental implications of natural gas as a transportation fuel," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 565-578.
    8. Koushik Ahmed & Omar Farrok & Md Mominur Rahman & Md Sawkat Ali & Md Mejbaul Haque & Abul Kalam Azad, 2020. "Proton Exchange Membrane Hydrogen Fuel Cell as the Grid Connected Power Generator," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-20, December.
    9. Jouin, Marine & Bressel, Mathieu & Morando, Simon & Gouriveau, Rafael & Hissel, Daniel & Péra, Marie-Cécile & Zerhouni, Noureddine & Jemei, Samir & Hilairet, Mickael & Ould Bouamama, Belkacem, 2016. "Estimating the end-of-life of PEM fuel cells: Guidelines and metrics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 87-97.
    10. Liimatainen, Heikki & van Vliet, Oscar & Aplyn, David, 2019. "The potential of electric trucks – An international commodity-level analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C), pages 804-814.
    11. Apostolou, D. & Xydis, G., 2019. "A literature review on hydrogen refuelling stations and infrastructure. Current status and future prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-1.
    12. Sebastian Wolff & Svenja Kalt & Manuel Bstieler & Markus Lienkamp, 2021. "Influence of Powertrain Topology and Electric Machine Design on Efficiency of Battery Electric Trucks—A Simulative Case-Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-15, January.
    13. Jesko Schulte & Henrik Ny, 2018. "Electric Road Systems: Strategic Stepping Stone on the Way towards Sustainable Freight Transport?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-16, April.
    14. Kalghatgi, Gautam, 2018. "Is it really the end of internal combustion engines and petroleum in transport?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 965-974.
    15. Ogden, Joan & Jaffe, Amy Myers & Scheitrum, Daniel & McDonald, Zane & Miller, Marshall, 2018. "Natural gas as a bridge to hydrogen transportation fuel: Insights from the literature," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 317-329.
    16. Bhoopalam, Anirudh Kishore & Agatz, Niels & Zuidwijk, Rob, 2018. "Planning of truck platoons: A literature review and directions for future research," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 212-228.
    17. Kyuhyun Sim & Ram Vijayagopal & Namdoo Kim & Aymeric Rousseau, 2019. "Optimization of Component Sizing for a Fuel Cell-Powered Truck to Minimize Ownership Cost," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-13, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Johannes Karlsson & Anders Grauers, 2023. "Case Study of Cost-Effective Electrification of Long-Distance Line-Haul Trucks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-22, March.
    2. Singer, Gerald & Köll, Rebekka & Aichhorn, Lukas & Pertl, Patrick & Trattner, Alexander, 2023. "Utilizing hydrogen pressure energy by expansion machines – PEM fuel cells in mobile and other potential applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 343(C).
    3. Halder, Pobitra & Babaie, Meisam & Salek, Farhad & Shah, Kalpit & Stevanovic, Svetlana & Bodisco, Timothy A. & Zare, Ali, 2024. "Performance, emissions and economic analyses of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    4. Johannes Karlsson & Anders Grauers, 2023. "Energy Distribution Diagram Used for Cost-Effective Battery Sizing of Electric Trucks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-19, January.
    5. Jon Williamsson, 2022. "EV Charging on Ferries and in Terminals—A Business Model Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-14, September.
    6. Shantanu Pardhi & Sajib Chakraborty & Dai-Duong Tran & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Steven Wilkins & Omar Hegazy, 2022. "A Review of Fuel Cell Powertrains for Long-Haul Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Technology, Hydrogen, Energy and Thermal Management Solutions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-55, December.
    7. Novella, Ricardo & García, Antonio & Gomez-Soriano, Josep & Fogué-Robles, Álvaro, 2023. "Exploring dilution potential for full load operation of medium duty hydrogen engine for the transport sector," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).
    8. M, Aravindan & V, Madhan Kumar & Hariharan, V.S. & Narahari, Tharun & P, Arun Kumar & K, Madhesh & G, Praveen Kumar & Prabakaran, Rajendran, 2023. "Fuelling the future: A review of non-renewable hydrogen production and storage techniques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    9. Tobias Mueller & Steven Gronau, 2023. "Fostering Macroeconomic Research on Hydrogen-Powered Aviation: A Systematic Literature Review on General Equilibrium Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-33, February.
    10. Luciano De Tommasi & Pádraig Lyons, 2022. "Towards the Integration of Flexible Green Hydrogen Demand and Production in Ireland: Opportunities, Barriers, and Recommendations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-32, December.
    11. Sebastian Sigle & Robert Hahn, 2023. "Energy Assessment of Different Powertrain Options for Heavy-Duty Vehicles and Energy Implications of Autonomous Driving," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-20, September.
    12. Haubensak, Lukas & Strahl, Stephan & Braun, Jochen & Faulwasser, Timm, 2024. "Towards real-time capable optimal control for fuel cell vehicles using hierarchical economic MPC," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 366(C).
    13. Andrzej Ziółkowski & Paweł Fuć & Piotr Lijewski & Aleks Jagielski & Maciej Bednarek & Władysław Kusiak, 2022. "Analysis of Exhaust Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles on Different Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-21, October.
    14. Surender Reddy Salkuti, 2023. "Advanced Technologies for Energy Storage and Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-7, February.
    15. Johannes Karlsson & Anders Grauers, 2023. "Agent-Based Investigation of Charger Queues and Utilization of Public Chargers for Electric Long-Haul Trucks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-25, June.
    16. Martin, Jonas & Neumann, Anne & Ødegård, Anders, 2023. "Renewable hydrogen and synthetic fuels versus fossil fuels for trucking, shipping and aviation: A holistic cost model," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    17. Low, John M. & Haszeldine, R. Stuart & Mouli-Castillo, Julien, 2023. "Refuelling infrastructure requirements for renewable hydrogen road fuel through the energy transition," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    18. Mariano Gallo & Mario Marinelli, 2023. "The Use of Hydrogen for Traction in Freight Transport: Estimating the Reduction in Fuel Consumption and Emissions in a Regional Context," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-20, January.
    19. Carlo James Cunanan & Carlos Andrés Elorza Casas & Mitchell Yorke & Michael Fowler & Xiao-Yu Wu, 2022. "Design and Analysis of an Offshore Wind Power to Ammonia Production System in Nova Scotia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-23, December.
    20. Md Junaed Al Hossain & Md. Zakir Hasan & Md Hasanuzzaman & Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan & Mohammad Ahsan Habib, 2022. "Affordable Electric Three-Wheeler in Bangladesh: Prospects, Challenges, and Sustainable Solutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-26, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Shantanu Pardhi & Sajib Chakraborty & Dai-Duong Tran & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Steven Wilkins & Omar Hegazy, 2022. "A Review of Fuel Cell Powertrains for Long-Haul Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Technology, Hydrogen, Energy and Thermal Management Solutions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-55, December.
    2. Mohideen, Mohamedazeem M. & Liu, Yong & Ramakrishna, Seeram, 2020. "Recent progress of carbon dots and carbon nanotubes applied in oxygen reduction reaction of fuel cell for transportation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    3. Flávia Mendes de Almeida Collaço & Ana Carolina Rodrigues Teixeira & Pedro Gerber Machado & Raquel Rocha Borges & Thiago Luis Felipe Brito & Dominique Mouette, 2022. "Road Freight Transport Literature and the Achievements of the Sustainable Development Goals—A Systematic Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-18, March.
    4. Johannes Full & Silja Hohmann & Sonja Ziehn & Edgar Gamero & Tobias Schließ & Hans-Peter Schmid & Robert Miehe & Alexander Sauer, 2023. "Perspectives of Biogas Plants as BECCS Facilities: A Comparative Analysis of Biomethane vs. Biohydrogen Production with Carbon Capture and Storage or Use (CCS/CCU)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-16, June.
    5. Natalia Duarte Forero & Donovan Arango Barrios & Jorge Duarte Forero, 2019. "Overview of Potential Use of Hydroxyl and Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel in Colombia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 9(6), pages 525-534.
    6. Scholl, Joachim & Boysen, Nils & Scholl, Armin, 2023. "E-platooning: Optimizing platoon formation for long-haul transportation with electric commercial vehicles," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 304(2), pages 525-542.
    7. Rami Y. Dahham & Haiqiao Wei & Jiaying Pan, 2022. "Improving Thermal Efficiency of Internal Combustion Engines: Recent Progress and Remaining Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-60, August.
    8. Pedro G. Machado & Ana C. R. Teixeira & Flavia M. A. Collaço & Dominique Mouette, 2021. "Review of life cycle greenhouse gases, air pollutant emissions and costs of road medium and heavy‐duty trucks," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 10(4), July.
    9. Hunt, Julian David & Nascimento, Andreas & Nascimento, Nazem & Vieira, Lara Werncke & Romero, Oldrich Joel, 2022. "Possible pathways for oil and gas companies in a sustainable future: From the perspective of a hydrogen economy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    10. Pedro Gerber Machado & Ana Carolina Rodrigues Teixeira & Flavia Mendes de Almeida Collaço & Adam Hawkes & Dominique Mouette, 2020. "Assessment of Greenhouse Gases and Pollutant Emissions in the Road Freight Transport Sector: A Case Study for São Paulo State, Brazil," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-26, October.
    11. Isaac, N. & Saha, A.K., 2021. "Analysis of refueling behavior of hydrogen fuel vehicles through a stochastic model using Markov Chain Process," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    12. M, Aravindan & V, Madhan Kumar & Hariharan, V.S. & Narahari, Tharun & P, Arun Kumar & K, Madhesh & G, Praveen Kumar & Prabakaran, Rajendran, 2023. "Fuelling the future: A review of non-renewable hydrogen production and storage techniques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    13. Panah, Payam Ghaebi & Bornapour, Mosayeb & Hemmati, Reza & Guerrero, Josep M., 2021. "Charging station Stochastic Programming for Hydrogen/Battery Electric Buses using Multi-Criteria Crow Search Algorithm," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    14. Nithin Isaac & Akshay Kumar Saha, 2022. "Predicting Vehicle Refuelling Trips through Generalised Poisson Modelling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-18, September.
    15. Levent Özlü & Dilay Çelebi, 2024. "Electrifying Freight: Modeling the Decision-Making Process for Battery Electric Truck Procurement," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-23, April.
    16. Anselma, Pier Giuseppe & Belingardi, Giovanni, 2022. "Fuel cell electrified propulsion systems for long-haul heavy-duty trucks: present and future cost-oriented sizing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    17. Huan, Ning & Yamamoto, Toshiyuki & Sato, Hitomi & Tzioutzios, Dimitrios & Yin, Haohui & Sala, Roser, 2024. "Does accident awareness affect people's risk perception of hydrogen infrastructure and information-seeking behaviour?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 364(C).
    18. Kale, Aneesh Vijay & Krishnasamy, Anand, 2023. "Experimental study of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion in a light-duty diesel engine fueled with isopropanol–gasoline blends," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    19. Bridgelall, Raj & Patterson, Douglas A. & Tolliver, Denver D., 2020. "Policy implications of truck platooning and electrification," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    20. Katla, Daria & Bartela, Łukasz & Skorek-Osikowska, Anna, 2020. "Evaluation of electricity generation subsystem of power-to-gas-to-power unit using gas expander and heat recovery steam generator," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jcltec:v:3:y:2021:i:2:p:28-489:d:566803. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.