IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i2p328-d477317.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Influence of Powertrain Topology and Electric Machine Design on Efficiency of Battery Electric Trucks—A Simulative Case-Study

Author

Listed:
  • Sebastian Wolff

    (Institute of Automotive Technology, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany)

  • Svenja Kalt

    (Institute of Automotive Technology, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany)

  • Manuel Bstieler

    (Institute of Automotive Technology, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany)

  • Markus Lienkamp

    (Institute of Automotive Technology, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany)

Abstract

The advancement of electric mobility as a measure to comply with international climate targets and sustain renewable resources in the future has led to an electrification of the mobility sector in recent years. This trend has not been spared in the logistics and commercial vehicle sector. Emerging electric powertrain concepts for long-haul vehicles have since been developed and adapted to different use cases and axle concepts. In this paper, the authors show the influence of the powertrain topology and the associated design of the electric machine on the efficiency and energy consumption of commercial vehicles. For this, existing series or prototype long-haul axle topologies are analyzed regarding their efficiency and operating points within four driving cycles. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis on the influence of the total gearbox ratio tests the assumed designs. We find that single-machine topologies offer efficiency advantages over multiple-machine topologies. However, this study highlights a joint consideration of application-specific machine design and topology to realize the full technological potential.

Suggested Citation

  • Sebastian Wolff & Svenja Kalt & Manuel Bstieler & Markus Lienkamp, 2021. "Influence of Powertrain Topology and Electric Machine Design on Efficiency of Battery Electric Trucks—A Simulative Case-Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-15, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:2:p:328-:d:477317
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/2/328/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/2/328/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Frans J. R. Verbruggen & Emilia Silvas & Theo Hofman, 2020. "Electric Powertrain Topology Analysis and Design for Heavy-Duty Trucks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-30, May.
    2. Sebastian Wolff & Moritz Seidenfus & Karim Gordon & Sergio Álvarez & Svenja Kalt & Markus Lienkamp, 2020. "Scalable Life-Cycle Inventory for Heavy-Duty Vehicle Production," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-22, July.
    3. Zachary P. Cano & Dustin Banham & Siyu Ye & Andreas Hintennach & Jun Lu & Michael Fowler & Zhongwei Chen, 2018. "Batteries and fuel cells for emerging electric vehicle markets," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 3(4), pages 279-289, April.
    4. ., 2014. "Hybrids and examples," Chapters, in: How Markets Work and Fail, and What to Make of Them, chapter 5, pages 109-136, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    5. Zimmerman, Thomas W. & Cuffy, Kalunda J. & Montilla, Carlos & Crossman, Stafford M.A., 2014. "Sorrel Hybrids: Fruit Size Evaluation," 50th Annual Meeting, July 7-11, 2014, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 253340, Caribbean Food Crops Society.
    6. Gurutz Artetxe & Jesus Paredes & Borja Prieto & Miguel Martinez-Iturralde & Ibon Elosegui, 2018. "Optimal Pole Number and Winding Designs for Low Speed–High Torque Synchronous Reluctance Machines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-21, January.
    7. Mohamed A. E. Herzallah & Dumitru Baleanu, 2014. "On Fractional Order Hybrid Differential Equations," Abstract and Applied Analysis, Hindawi, vol. 2014, pages 1-7, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Emad Roshandel & Amin Mahmoudi & Solmaz Kahourzade & Amirmehdi Yazdani & GM Shafiullah, 2021. "Losses in Efficiency Maps of Electric Vehicles: An Overview," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-27, November.
    2. Konstantina Bitsi & Sjoerd G. Bosga & Oskar Wallmark, 2022. "Design Aspects and Performance Evaluation of Pole-Phase Changing Induction Machines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-18, September.
    3. Shantanu Pardhi & Sajib Chakraborty & Dai-Duong Tran & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Steven Wilkins & Omar Hegazy, 2022. "A Review of Fuel Cell Powertrains for Long-Haul Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Technology, Hydrogen, Energy and Thermal Management Solutions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-55, December.
    4. Carlo Cunanan & Manh-Kien Tran & Youngwoo Lee & Shinghei Kwok & Vincent Leung & Michael Fowler, 2021. "A Review of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Powertrain Technologies: Diesel Engine Vehicles, Battery Electric Vehicles, and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 3(2), pages 1-16, June.
    5. Maximilian Zähringer & Sebastian Wolff & Jakob Schneider & Georg Balke & Markus Lienkamp, 2022. "Time vs. Capacity—The Potential of Optimal Charging Stop Strategies for Battery Electric Trucks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-18, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Stančin, H. & Mikulčić, H. & Wang, X. & Duić, N., 2020. "A review on alternative fuels in future energy system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    2. Sun, Li & Sun, Wen & You, Fengqi, 2020. "Core temperature modelling and monitoring of lithium-ion battery in the presence of sensor bias," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    3. Dugoua, Eugenie & Dumas, Marion, 2024. "Coordination dynamics between fuel cell and battery technologies in the transition to clean cars," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 124029, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    4. Zheng Huang & Laisuo Su & Yunjie Yang & Linsong Gao & Xinyu Liu & Heng Huang & Yubai Li & Yongchen Song, 2023. "Three-Dimensional Simulation on the Effects of Different Parameters and Pt Loading on the Long-Term Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-22, February.
    5. Edith Podhovnik, 2016. "The Meow Factor - An Investigation of Cat Content in Today's Media," Proceedings of Arts & Humanities Conferences 3806257, International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences.
    6. Lucio Ciabattoni & Stefano Cardarelli & Marialaura Di Somma & Giorgio Graditi & Gabriele Comodi, 2021. "A Novel Open-Source Simulator Of Electric Vehicles in a Demand-Side Management Scenario," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-16, March.
    7. Géremi Gilson Dranka & Paula Ferreira, 2020. "Electric Vehicles and Biofuels Synergies in the Brazilian Energy System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-22, August.
    8. Youssef Amry & Elhoussin Elbouchikhi & Franck Le Gall & Mounir Ghogho & Soumia El Hani, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Traction Drives and Charging Station Power Electronics: Current Status and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-30, August.
    9. Ahmed M. Nassef & Ahmed Handam, 2022. "Parameter Estimation-Based Slime Mold Algorithm of Photocatalytic Methane Reforming Process for Hydrogen Production," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-12, March.
    10. Mattia Ricco & Jinhao Meng & Tudor Gherman & Gabriele Grandi & Remus Teodorescu, 2019. "Smart Battery Pack for Electric Vehicles Based on Active Balancing with Wireless Communication Feedback," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-15, October.
    11. Fan, Zhaohui & Fu, Yijie & Liang, Hong & Gao, Renjing & Liu, Shutian, 2023. "A module-level charging optimization method of lithium-ion battery considering temperature gradient effect of liquid cooling and charging time," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    12. Shang, Tongle & Zhan, Hao & Gong, Qinfei & Zeng, Tao & Li, Pengcheng & Zeng, Zhiyong, 2024. "Insights into the thermal and electric field distribution and the structural optimization in the graphitization furnace," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 297(C).
    13. Jun-Hyuk Song & Seungju Yu & Byunghoon Kim & Donggun Eum & Jiung Cho & Ho-Young Jang & Sung-O Park & Jaekyun Yoo & Youngmin Ko & Kyeongsu Lee & Myeong Hwan Lee & Byungwook Kang & Kisuk Kang, 2023. "Slab gliding, a hidden factor that induces irreversibility and redox asymmetry of lithium-rich layered oxide cathodes," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-10, December.
    14. Good, Clara, 2016. "Environmental impact assessments of hybrid photovoltaic–thermal (PV/T) systems – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 234-239.
    15. Tao, Jianjian & Zhang, Yihan & Wei, Xuezhe & Jiang, Shangfeng & Dai, Haifeng, 2024. "Optimization of fast cold start strategy for PEM fuel cell stack," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 362(C).
    16. Zhou, Jianli & Wu, Yunna & Tao, Yao & Gao, Jianwei & Zhong, Zhiming & Xu, Chuanbo, 2021. "Geographic information big data-driven two-stage optimization model for location decision of hydrogen refueling stations: An empirical study in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
    17. Schwab, Julia & Sölch, Christian & Zöttl, Gregor, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Cost in 2035: The impact of market penetration and charging strategies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
    18. Chen, Fujun & Wang, Bowen & Ni, Meng & Gong, Zhichao & Jiao, Kui, 2024. "Online energy management strategy for ammonia-hydrogen hybrid electric vehicles harnessing deep reinforcement learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    19. Marcin Połom & Maciej Tarkowski & Krystian Puzdrakiewicz & Łukasz Dopierała, 2020. "Is It Possible to Develop Electromobility in Urban Passenger Shipping in Post-Communist Countries? Evidence from Gdańsk, Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-24, December.
    20. Meng, Jinhao & Cai, Lei & Stroe, Daniel-Ioan & Luo, Guangzhao & Sui, Xin & Teodorescu, Remus, 2019. "Lithium-ion battery state-of-health estimation in electric vehicle using optimized partial charging voltage profiles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 1054-1062.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:2:p:328-:d:477317. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.