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Cramér–Karhunen–Loève representation and harmonic principal component analysis of functional time series

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  • Panaretos, Victor M.
  • Tavakoli, Shahin

Abstract

We develop a doubly spectral representation of a stationary functional time series, and study the properties of its empirical version. The representation decomposes the time series into an integral of uncorrelated frequency components (Cramér representation), each of which is in turn expanded in a Karhunen–Loève series. The construction is based on the spectral density operator, the functional analogue of the spectral density matrix, whose eigenvalues and eigenfunctions at different frequencies provide the building blocks of the representation. By truncating the representation at a finite level, we obtain a harmonic principal component analysis of the time series, an optimal finite dimensional reduction of the time series that captures both the temporal dynamics of the process, as well as the within-curve dynamics. Empirical versions of the decompositions are introduced, and a rigorous analysis of their large-sample behaviour is provided, that does not require any prior structural assumptions such as linearity or Gaussianity of the functional time series, but rather hinges on Brillinger-type mixing conditions involving cumulants.

Suggested Citation

  • Panaretos, Victor M. & Tavakoli, Shahin, 2013. "Cramér–Karhunen–Loève representation and harmonic principal component analysis of functional time series," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 123(7), pages 2779-2807.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:spapps:v:123:y:2013:i:7:p:2779-2807
    DOI: 10.1016/j.spa.2013.03.015
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    Cited by:

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    3. Alessia Caponera, 2021. "SPHARMA approximations for stationary functional time series on the sphere," Statistical Inference for Stochastic Processes, Springer, vol. 24(3), pages 609-634, October.
    4. Horta, Eduardo & Ziegelmann, Flavio, 2018. "Conjugate processes: Theory and application to risk forecasting," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 128(3), pages 727-755.
    5. Amira Elayouty & Marian Scott & Claire Miller, 2022. "Time-Varying Functional Principal Components for Non-Stationary EpCO $$_2$$ 2 in Freshwater Systems," Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics, Springer;The International Biometric Society;American Statistical Association, vol. 27(3), pages 506-522, September.
    6. Alexander Aue & Diogo Dubart Norinho & Siegfried Hörmann, 2015. "On the Prediction of Stationary Functional Time Series," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 110(509), pages 378-392, March.
    7. van Delft, Anne, 2020. "A note on quadratic forms of stationary functional time series under mild conditions," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 130(7), pages 4206-4251.
    8. Valentina Masarotto & Victor M. Panaretos & Yoav Zemel, 2019. "Procrustes Metrics on Covariance Operators and Optimal Transportation of Gaussian Processes," Sankhya A: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Springer;Indian Statistical Institute, vol. 81(1), pages 172-213, February.
    9. Rademacher, Daniel & Kreiß, Jens-Peter & Paparoditis, Efstathios, 2024. "Asymptotic normality of spectral means of Hilbert space valued random processes," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    10. Gao, Yuan & Shang, Han Lin & Yang, Yanrong, 2019. "High-dimensional functional time series forecasting: An application to age-specific mortality rates," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 232-243.
    11. Horváth, Lajos & Kokoszka, Piotr & Rice, Gregory, 2014. "Testing stationarity of functional time series," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 179(1), pages 66-82.
    12. Klepsch, J. & Klüppelberg, C. & Wei, T., 2017. "Prediction of functional ARMA processes with an application to traffic data," Econometrics and Statistics, Elsevier, vol. 1(C), pages 128-149.
    13. van Delft, Anne & Eichler, Michael, 2020. "A note on Herglotz’s theorem for time series on function spaces," Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Elsevier, vol. 130(6), pages 3687-3710.
    14. Cerovecki, Clément & Hörmann, Siegfried, 2017. "On the CLT for discrete Fourier transforms of functional time series," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 282-295.
    15. Kokoszka, Piotr & Reimherr, Matthew & Wölfing, Nikolas, 2016. "A randomness test for functional panels," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 37-53.

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