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Energy in the urban water cycle: Actions to reduce the total expenditure of fossil fuels with emphasis on heat reclamation from urban water

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  • Elías-Maxil, J.A.
  • van der Hoek, Jan Peter
  • Hofman, Jan
  • Rietveld, Luuk

Abstract

In the urban water cycle, water supply, transportation, treatment and disposal are services that consume a considerable amount of energy. This paper reviews and summarizes state of the art measures applied in different parts of the world to reduce the energy consumption related to urban water. Based on a literature review, an overview of the energy balance in the urban water cycle in some regions of the world is presented. The balance shows that water heating is the largest energy expenditure with approximately 80% of the total primary energy demand in the residential sector of the cycle, while the remaining 20% of energy is spent by waterworks on pumping and treatment. Examples of measures to reduce the consumption of energy are presented according to a philosophy of actions in order to achieve energy efficient processes. The emphasis is on technologies and case studies to recover the energy from urban water, as well as some factors that influence the deployment of the technologies.

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  • Elías-Maxil, J.A. & van der Hoek, Jan Peter & Hofman, Jan & Rietveld, Luuk, 2014. "Energy in the urban water cycle: Actions to reduce the total expenditure of fossil fuels with emphasis on heat reclamation from urban water," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 808-820.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:30:y:2014:i:c:p:808-820
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.007
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    15. Florian Kretschmer & Georg Neugebauer & Gernot Stoeglehner & Thomas Ertl, 2018. "Participation as a Key Aspect for Establishing Wastewater as a Source of Renewable Energy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-17, November.
    16. Märker, Carolin & Venghaus, Sandra & Hake, Jürgen-Friedrich, 2018. "Integrated governance for the food–energy–water nexus – The scope of action for institutional change," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 290-300.
    17. van der Hoek, Jan Peter & de Fooij, Heleen & Struker, André, 2016. "Wastewater as a resource: Strategies to recover resources from Amsterdam’s wastewater," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 53-64.
    18. Hubeck-Graudal, Helga & Kirstein, Jonas Kjeld & Ommen, Torben & Rygaard, Martin & Elmegaard, Brian, 2020. "Drinking water supply as low-temperature source in the district heating system: A case study for the city of Copenhagen," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    19. Daniele Cecconet & Jakub Raček & Arianna Callegari & Petr Hlavínek, 2019. "Energy Recovery from Wastewater: A Study on Heating and Cooling of a Multipurpose Building with Sewage-Reclaimed Heat Energy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-11, December.
    20. Lu, Shibao & Zhang, Xiaoling & Bao, Haijun & Skitmore, Martin, 2016. "Review of social water cycle research in a changing environment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 132-140.
    21. De Pasquale, A.M. & Giostri, A. & Romano, M.C. & Chiesa, P. & Demeco, T. & Tani, S., 2017. "District heating by drinking water heat pump: Modelling and energy analysis of a case study in the city of Milan," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 246-263.
    22. Bors, Julijana & O’Brien, Katherine R. & Kenway, Steven J. & Lant, Paul A., 2017. "Regional-scale variability of cold water temperature: Implications for household water-related energy demand," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 107-115.
    23. Bertrand, Alexandre & Mastrucci, Alessio & Schüler, Nils & Aggoune, Riad & Maréchal, François, 2017. "Characterisation of domestic hot water end-uses for integrated urban thermal energy assessment and optimisation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(P2), pages 152-166.

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