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Review of protection systems for multi-terminal high voltage direct current grids

Author

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  • Perez-Molina, M.J.
  • Larruskain, D.M.
  • Eguia Lopez, P.
  • Buigues, G.
  • Valverde, V.

Abstract

Given the current evolution of Voltage Source Converters (VSC), Multi-Terminal High Voltage Direct Current (MTDC) grids are now becoming a real possibility. Still, some technical issues have to be addressed. The protection of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) grids is the main technical challenge that is slowing down the development of MTDC grids. Hence, this paper focuses on protection systems. Thus, protection devices, fault-clearing strategies and protection system requirements are considered. The main topic of this paper is the review of different types of protection methods for MTDC systems that are shown in the literature. They can be classified depending on the use of local measurements or a communication channel in their operation. The protection systems reviewed in this paper include protection systems based on current measurements, voltage measurement, traveling wave analysis and artificial intelligence. A protection system can employ only one of these methods or a combination of them. Finally, the main characteristics of the reviewed protection algorithms are compared, highlighting the system configuration, the converter technology, the adopted fault-clearing strategy, the implemented circuit breakers and the size of the limiting inductors. From the work presented in this paper, it is concluded that the actual tendency in MTDC protection systems is predominantly full-selective fault-clearing strategies combined with hybrid HVDC circuit breakers in series with limiting inductors. In addition, most protection methods are based on current measurement algorithms and a considerably high number of the reviewed protection systems employ a combination of several methods benefiting from their combined characteristics.

Suggested Citation

  • Perez-Molina, M.J. & Larruskain, D.M. & Eguia Lopez, P. & Buigues, G. & Valverde, V., 2021. "Review of protection systems for multi-terminal high voltage direct current grids," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:144:y:2021:i:c:s1364032121003270
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111037
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. María José Pérez Molina & Dunixe Marene Larruskain & Pablo Eguía López & Agurtzane Etxegarai, 2019. "Analysis of Local Measurement-Based Algorithms for Fault Detection in a Multi-Terminal HVDC Grid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-20, December.
    2. Mani Ashouri & Filipe Faria da Silva & Claus Leth Bak, 2019. "A Harmonic Based Pilot Protection Scheme for VSC-MTDC Grids with PWM Converters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-16, March.
    3. Blond, S. Le & Bertho, R. & Coury, D.V. & Vieira, J.C.M., 2016. "Design of protection schemes for multi-terminal HVDC systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 965-974.
    4. Li, Jianwei & Yang, Qingqing & Mu, Hao & Le Blond, Simon & He, Hongwen, 2018. "A new fault detection and fault location method for multi-terminal high voltage direct current of offshore wind farm," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 13-20.
    5. Rui Li & Lie Xu, 2018. "Review of DC fault protection for HVDC grids," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 7(2), March.
    6. Lu Qu & Zhanqing Yu & Xiang Xiao & Wei Zhao & Yulong Huang & Rong Zeng, 2019. "Development and Application of a 10 kV Mechanical DC Circuit Breaker," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-15, September.
    7. Lingtong Jiang & Qing Chen & Wudi Huang & Lei Wang & Yu Zeng & Pu Zhao, 2018. "Pilot Protection Based on Amplitude of Directional Travelling Wave for Voltage Source Converter-High Voltage Direct Current (VSC-HVDC) Transmission Lines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-15, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. María José Pérez-Molina & Dunixe Marene Larruskain & Pablo Eguia & Oihane Abarrategi, 2021. "Circuit Breaker Failure Protection Strategy for HVDC Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-15, July.
    2. Shuhao Liu & Kunlun Han & Hongzheng Li & Tengyue Zhang & Fengyuan Chen, 2023. "A Two-Terminal Directional Protection Method for HVDC Transmission Lines of Current Fault Component Based on Improved VMD-Hilbert Transform," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-21, October.
    3. Andrei Stan & Sorina Costinaș & Georgiana Ion, 2022. "Overview and Assessment of HVDC Current Applications and Future Trends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-25, February.
    4. Abha Pragati & Manohar Mishra & Pravat Kumar Rout & Debadatta Amaresh Gadanayak & Shazia Hasan & B. Rajanarayan Prusty, 2023. "A Comprehensive Survey of HVDC Protection System: Fault Analysis, Methodology, Issues, Challenges, and Future Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-39, May.
    5. Yin, Linfei & He, Xiaoyu, 2023. "Artificial emotional deep Q learning for real-time smart voltage control of cyber-physical social power systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    6. Sahebkar Farkhani, Jalal & Çelik, Özgür & Ma, Kaiqi & Bak, Claus Leth & Chen, Zhe, 2024. "A comprehensive review of potential protection methods for VSC multi-terminal HVDC systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).

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