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Revisiting the relation between economic growth and the environment; a global assessment of deforestation, pollution and carbon emission

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  • Andrée, Bo Pieter Johannes
  • Chamorro, Andres
  • Spencer, Phoebe
  • Koomen, Eric
  • Dogo, Harun

Abstract

The UN's Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 aim on one hand at inclusive growth and eradicating poverty, and on the other at preserving environments. The relation between development and the environment has been studied extensively since the 1990s, documenting inverted U-shaped relations between per capita income and indicators of environmental degradation. This paper revisits the issue with machine learning techniques and novel disaggregate data to model these relationships heterogeneously across economic indicators. Results suggest that development gradually improves the efficiency of consuming the earth's nonrenewable resources, but increased efficiency alone is not sufficient to offset growth in scale. Development shifts reliance on one nonrenewable source to another, and on average we find successive inverted U-shapes in deforestation, air pollution and carbon intensities, followed by a J-shape in per capita carbon output. Local economic circumstances further determine the shape, amplitude, and location of tipping points in environmental output. The general implications of the estimated dynamics are explored by extrapolating environmental output to 2030 under simplistic scenario's. The results are a reminder that immediate, and sustained global efforts are required to preserve our environment.

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  • Andrée, Bo Pieter Johannes & Chamorro, Andres & Spencer, Phoebe & Koomen, Eric & Dogo, Harun, 2019. "Revisiting the relation between economic growth and the environment; a global assessment of deforestation, pollution and carbon emission," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1-1.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:114:y:2019:i:c:41
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.06.028
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    19. Caravaggio, Nicola, 2020. "A global empirical re-assessment of the Environmental Kuznets curve for deforestation," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    20. Andree,Bo Pieter Johannes, 2020. "Incidence of COVID-19 and Connections with Air Pollution Exposure : Evidence from the Netherlands," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9221, The World Bank.
    21. Azwardi Azwardi & Sukanto Sukanto & Alghifari Mahdi Igamo & Arika Kurniawan, 2021. "Carbon Emissions, Economic Growth, Forest, Agricultural Land and Air Pollution in Indonesia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(4), pages 537-542.
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