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Preparation and application of Ce/ZrO2−TiO2/SO42− as solid catalyst for the esterification of fatty acids

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  • Kaur, Navjot
  • Ali, Amjad

Abstract

To develop heterogeneous and reusable catalyst for the esterification of fatty acids, in presence of triglycerides, sulfate species has been incorporated over Ce/ZrO2–TiO2 support. The catalyst activity was found to be a function of its Bronsted acidic sites which in turn depends on the cerium concentration in catalyst. The esterification of oleic acid with methanol or ethanol in presence of prepared catalyst has followed the first order kinetics and Koros–Nowak test has demonstrated that reaction rates are independent from diffusion limitations. An increase in acid or alcohol alkyl chain length (steric factor) was found to show negative effect on the esterification activity of catalyst. Although, the catalyst was able to catalyze the esterification even in presence of up to 12 wt% moisture (with respect to fatty acids), however, a decrease in turn over frequency (TOF) was observed. The catalyst has shown excellent stability as negligible sulfate leaching was observed and recovered catalyst was reused in five successive runs without significant loss in activity.

Suggested Citation

  • Kaur, Navjot & Ali, Amjad, 2015. "Preparation and application of Ce/ZrO2−TiO2/SO42− as solid catalyst for the esterification of fatty acids," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 421-431.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:81:y:2015:i:c:p:421-431
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.051
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    2. Patel, Anjali & Brahmkhatri, Varsha & Singh, Namita, 2013. "Biodiesel production by esterification of free fatty acid over sulfated zirconia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 227-233.
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    3. Ibrahim, Shaimaa M., 2021. "Preparation, characterization and application of novel surface-modified ZrSnO4 as Sn-based TMOs catalysts for the stearic acid esterification with methanol to biodiesel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 151-163.
    4. Abdelmigeed, Mai O. & Al-Sakkari, Eslam G. & Hefney, Mahmoud S. & Ismail, Fatma M. & Abdelghany, Amr & Ahmed, Tamer S. & Ismail, Ibrahim M., 2021. "Magnetized ZIF-8 impregnated with sodium hydroxide as a heterogeneous catalyst for high-quality biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(P1), pages 405-419.
    5. Rade, Letícia L. & Lemos, Caroline O.T. & Barrozo, Marcos Antônio S. & Ribas, Rogério M. & Monteiro, Robson S. & Hori, Carla E., 2018. "Optimization of continuous esterification of oleic acid with ethanol over niobic acid," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 208-216.
    6. Zhang, Heng & Li, Hu & Hu, Yulin & Venkateswara Rao, Kasanneni Tirumala & Xu, Chunbao (Charles) & Yang, Song, 2019. "Advances in production of bio-based ester fuels with heterogeneous bifunctional catalysts," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1-1.

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