Simulation and experimental study of thermoelectric generators with an axial gradient metal foam heat exchanger

The utilization of metal foam for heat transfer augmentation is regarded as a highly efficient technique, albeit associated with significant pressure losses. To enhance the feasibility of employing metal foam in thermoelectric generators and mitigate the high-pressure drop, we propose an enhancement strategy involving the partial axial filling of gradient metal foam. Both analytical modeling and experimental investigation were employed to evaluate the effects of porosity, pore density, and gradient structure at various filling rates on the overall performance of thermoelectric generators. The results show that arranging metal foam with increasingly high frame density in the direction of fluid flow, rather than adopting increasingly sparse or constant structures, leads to improved voltage uniformity and reduced pressure drop. A positive gradient configuration with a pore density distribution of 5-10-20 PPI yielded the highest net power at 118.3 W, which is 12.5 % higher than that of metal foam with constant 20 PPI. Ultimately, empirical verification substantiates the comprehensive performance advantages of positive gradient configuration. For filling rates of 30 %, 60 %, and 100 %, pressure drop is reduced by 35.9 %, 33.4 %, and 29.2 %, respectively, in comparison to constant 20 PPI metal foam, despite a modest reduction in output power, which remains less than 3 %.