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Optimizing the conditions for the microwave-assisted direct liquefaction of Ulva prolifera for bio-oil production using response surface methodology

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  • Liu, Junhai
  • Zhuang, Yingbin
  • Li, Yan
  • Chen, Limei
  • Guo, Jingxue
  • Li, Demao
  • Ye, Naihao

Abstract

Microwave-assisted direct liquefaction (MADL) of Ulva prolifera was performed in ethylene glycol (EG) using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a catalyst. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to optimize the conditions of three independent variables (catalyst content, solvent-to-feedstock ratio and temperature) for the liquefaction yield. And the bio-oil was analyzed by elementary analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis (FT-IR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The maximum liquefaction yield was 93.17%, which was obtained under a microwave power of 600 W for 30 min at 165 °C with a solvent-to-feedstock ratio of 18.87:1 and 4.93% sulfuric acid. The bio-oil was mainly composed of phthalic acid esters, alkenes and a fatty acid methyl ester with a long chain from C16 to C20.

Suggested Citation

  • Liu, Junhai & Zhuang, Yingbin & Li, Yan & Chen, Limei & Guo, Jingxue & Li, Demao & Ye, Naihao, 2013. "Optimizing the conditions for the microwave-assisted direct liquefaction of Ulva prolifera for bio-oil production using response surface methodology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 69-76.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:60:y:2013:i:c:p:69-76
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2013.07.060
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    6. Abdulrahman, Muhammed Moshin & Meribout, Mahmoud, 2014. "Antenna array design for enhanced oil recovery under oil reservoir constraints with experimental validation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 868-880.
    7. Savic, Ivana M. & Savic, Ivan M. & Stojiljkovic, Stanisa T. & Gajic, Dragoljub G., 2014. "Modeling and optimization of energy-efficient procedures for removing lead(II) and zinc(II) ions from aqueous solutions using the central composite design," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 66-72.
    8. Najafi, Gholamhassan & Ghobadian, Barat & Yusaf, Talal & Safieddin Ardebili, Seyed Mohammad & Mamat, Rizalman, 2015. "Optimization of performance and exhaust emission parameters of a SI (spark ignition) engine with gasoline–ethanol blended fuels using response surface methodology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(P2), pages 1815-1829.

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