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Comparison of the effects of Na2CO3, Ca3(PO4)2, and NiO catalysts on the thermochemical liquefaction of microalga Spirulina platensis

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  • Jena, Umakanta
  • Das, K.C.
  • Kastner, J.R.

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of three types of catalysts on the yield of biocrude oil from thermochemical liquefaction (TCL) of the microalga, Spirulina platensis. TCL experiments were performed in a 1.8L batch reactor using an alkali metal catalyst (Na2CO3), an alkaline earth metal (Ca3(PO4)2), and a transition metal oxide (NiO) and compared with non-catalytic TCL results. Na2CO3 was found to increase biocrude oil yield resulting in 51.6% biocrude oil, which was ∼29.2% higher than under non-catalytic conditions and ∼71% and ∼50% higher than when using NiO and Ca3(PO4)2 catalysts, respectively. Presence of NiO and Ca3(PO4)2 increased yields of gaseous products. GC–MS analysis indicated critical differences in chemical composition of the biocrude oil obtained under different catalyst conditions. Biocrude oil from the catalyzed runs had greater abundance of monoaromatic compounds and lesser polyaromatic and aliphatic compounds than that of non-catalyzed reactions. TCL using Na2CO3 reported the lowest energy consumption ratio and recovered highest energy in the form of biocrude oil among all treatments. Algal biocrude oil had an energy density of 34–39MJkg−1 compared to 43MJkg−1 for petroleum crude, but had higher oxygen and nitrogen levels. In all cases, the solids conversion was more than 94%. Analysis of solids revealed that 40–60% of the initial catalysts were retained in the solid char.

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  • Jena, Umakanta & Das, K.C. & Kastner, J.R., 2012. "Comparison of the effects of Na2CO3, Ca3(PO4)2, and NiO catalysts on the thermochemical liquefaction of microalga Spirulina platensis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 368-375.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:98:y:2012:i:c:p:368-375
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.03.056
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    15. Saber, Mohammad & Golzary, Abooali & Hosseinpour, Morteza & Takahashi, Fumitake & Yoshikawa, Kunio, 2016. "Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae using nanocatalyst," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 566-576.
    16. Watson, Jamison & Lu, Jianwen & de Souza, Raquel & Si, Buchun & Zhang, Yuanhui & Liu, Zhidan, 2019. "Effects of the extraction solvents in hydrothermal liquefaction processes: Biocrude oil quality and energy conversion efficiency," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 189-197.
    17. Lee, Jechan & Choi, Dongho & Kwon, Eilhann E. & Ok, Yong Sik, 2017. "Functional modification of hydrothermal liquefaction products of microalgal biomass using CO2," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 412-418.
    18. Kumar, Mayank & Olajire Oyedun, Adetoyese & Kumar, Amit, 2018. "A review on the current status of various hydrothermal technologies on biomass feedstock," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 1742-1770.
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    20. Alex R. Maag & Alex D. Paulsen & Ted J. Amundsen & Paul E. Yelvington & Geoffrey A. Tompsett & Michael T. Timko, 2018. "Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Food Waste Using CeZrO x," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-14, March.
    21. Tian, Chunyan & Li, Baoming & Liu, Zhidan & Zhang, Yuanhui & Lu, Haifeng, 2014. "Hydrothermal liquefaction for algal biorefinery: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 933-950.
    22. Huang, Hua-jun & Yuan, Xing-zhong & Zhu, Hui-na & Li, Hui & Liu, Yan & Wang, Xue-li & Zeng, Guang-ming, 2013. "Comparative studies of thermochemical liquefaction characteristics of microalgae, lignocellulosic biomass and sewage sludge," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 52-60.
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