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Comparative study of regulated and unregulated toxic emissions characteristics from a spark ignition direct injection light-duty vehicle fueled with gasoline and liquid phase LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)

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  • Myung, Cha-Lee
  • Choi, Kwanhee
  • Kim, Juwon
  • Lim, Yunsung
  • Lee, Jongtae
  • Park, Simsoo

Abstract

In this study, to evaluate the potential of a dedicated liquefied petroleum gas-direct injection (LPG-DI) vehicle, regulated and unregulated emissions from a light-duty gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicle were compared. The vehicle tests were performed on a chassis dynamometer with constant volume sampler (CVS) over the federal test procedure (FTP)-75, highway fuel economy test (HWFET), and new European driving cycle (NEDC), which include the engine starting, transient and warm-up operation. The emissions of total hydrocarbon (THC) as well as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and nano-particles from the LPG-DI vehicle showed significantly superior performance relative to gasoline with excellent gaseous mixture preparation and low carbon fuel. The CO2 emission of the LPG-DI vehicle decreased approximately 4–6% compared to the GDI vehicle. Aldehydes formation was influenced by vehicle test modes, such as the proportions of vehicle low speed patterns as well as long idle duration and the inclusion of engine warm-up periods. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein compounds significantly increased with the LPG-DI vehicle, and this increase was related with partial oxidation during the combustion process of butane and propane. Except for the slightly increase in the HWFET mode, strong decreases in BTEX were observed with the application of LPG fuel in the FTP-75 and NEDC mode. It was found that the regulated and unregulated emissions were closely related to both the vehicle driving patterns and fuel compositions.

Suggested Citation

  • Myung, Cha-Lee & Choi, Kwanhee & Kim, Juwon & Lim, Yunsung & Lee, Jongtae & Park, Simsoo, 2012. "Comparative study of regulated and unregulated toxic emissions characteristics from a spark ignition direct injection light-duty vehicle fueled with gasoline and liquid phase LPG (liquefied petroleum ," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 44(1), pages 189-196.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:44:y:2012:i:1:p:189-196
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2012.06.039
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    2. Faria, Ricardo & Marques, Pedro & Moura, Pedro & Freire, Fausto & Delgado, Joaquim & de Almeida, Aníbal T., 2013. "Impact of the electricity mix and use profile in the life-cycle assessment of electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 271-287.
    3. Myung, Cha-Lee & Jang, Wonwook & Kwon, Sangil & Ko, Jinyoung & Jin, Dongyoung & Park, Simsoo, 2017. "Evaluation of the real-time de-NOx performance characteristics of a LNT-equipped Euro-6 diesel passenger car with various vehicle emissions certification cycles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 356-369.
    4. Tira, H.S. & Herreros, J.M. & Tsolakis, A. & Wyszynski, M.L., 2012. "Characteristics of LPG-diesel dual fuelled engine operated with rapeseed methyl ester and gas-to-liquid diesel fuels," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 47(1), pages 620-629.
    5. Karimi Abiyazani, Narges & Pirouzfar, Vahid & Su, Chia-Hung, 2022. "Enhancing engine power and torque and reducing exhaust emissions of blended fuels derived from gasoline-propanol-nano particles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    6. Karol Tucki, 2021. "A Computer Tool for Modelling CO 2 Emissions in Driving Cycles for Spark Ignition Engines Powered by Biofuels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-33, March.
    7. Keskinen, Karri & Kaario, Ossi & Nuutinen, Mika & Vuorinen, Ville & Künsch, Zaira & Liavåg, Lars Ola & Larmi, Martti, 2016. "Mixture formation in a direct injection gas engine: Numerical study on nozzle type, injection pressure and injection timing effects," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 542-556.
    8. Kim, Keunsoo & Kim, Junghwan & Oh, Seungmook & Kim, Changup & Lee, Yonggyu, 2017. "Evaluation of injection and ignition schemes for the ultra-lean combustion direct-injection LPG engine to control particulate emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 123-135.
    9. Ji, Changwei & Liang, Chen & Gao, Binbin & Wei, Baojian & Liu, Xiaolong & Zhu, Yongming, 2013. "The cold start performance of a spark-ignited dimethyl ether engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 187-193.
    10. Cheolwoong Park & Taeyoung Kim & Gyubaek Cho & Janghee Lee, 2016. "Combustion and Emission Characteristics According to the Fuel Injection Ratio of an Ultra-Lean LPG Direct Injection Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-12, November.

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