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Exhaust Emissions Measurement of a Vehicle with Retrofitted LPG System

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  • Branislav Šarkan

    (Department of Road and Urban Transport, University of Žilina, 010-26 Žilina, Slovakia
    Department of Automotive Engineering and Transport, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland)

  • Marek Jaśkiewicz

    (Department of Automotive Engineering and Transport, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland)

  • Przemysław Kubiak

    (Institute of Vehicles and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 84, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
    Ecotechnology Team, Lodz University of Technology, 266 Piotrkowska Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland)

  • Dariusz Tarnapowicz

    (Faculty of Mechatronics and Electrical Engineering, Maritime University of Szczecin, ul. Wały Chrobrego 1-2, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Michal Loman

    (Department of Road and Urban Transport, University of Žilina, 010-26 Žilina, Slovakia)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the production of exhaust emissions from a vehicle with a petrol engine with the Euro 4 emission standard and powered by petrol and LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). The paper presents new possibilities for monitoring exhaust emissions using an exhaust gas analyzer. At the same time, it points out the topicality and significance of the issue in the monitored area. It examines the impact of a change in fuel on emissions. This change is monitored in various areas of vehicle operation. Measurements were performed during real operation, which means that the results are fully usable and applicable in practice. The driving simulation as well as the test conditions correspond to the RDE (Real Driving Emissions) test standard. A commercially available car was first selected to perform the tests, which was first measured in the original configuration (petrol drive). Based on real-time RDE driving tests, it is possible to determine the number of exhaust emissions. Subsequently, the same measurements were performed with the same vehicle, but the vehicle’s propulsion was changed to LPG. The vehicle was equipped with an additional system that allowed the vehicle to be powered by LPG. The results from the individual driving tests allowed the determination of the exhaust emissions. Emissions of CO (carbon monoxide), CO 2 (carbon dioxide), HC (hydrocarbons), and NO x (nitrogen oxides) were monitored as a matter of priority. Through the driving tests, it was found that the gasoline combustion produced higher CO (1.926 g/km) and CO 2 (217.693 g/km) emissions compared to the combustion of liquefied gas, where the concentration of the CO emissions was 1.892 g/km and that of the CO 2 emissions was 213.966 g/km. In contrast, the HC (0.00397 g/km) and NO x (0.03107 g/km) emissions were lower when petrol was burned. During LPG combustion, the HC emissions reached 0.00430 g/km, and the NO x emissions reached 0.05134 g/km. At the end of the research, the authors compared the emissions determined by real driving (in g/km) with the emission values produced by the emission standard EURO 4 and the certificate of conformity (COC). Practical measurements showed that the vehicle produced excessive amounts of CO when burning gasoline. This production is 0.926 g/km higher and 0.892 g/km higher when burning LPG compared to the limit set by the Euro 4 Emission Standard. The difference is even greater than the limit value stated in the COC document. For other substances, the monitored values are in the norm and are even far below the permitted value

Suggested Citation

  • Branislav Šarkan & Marek Jaśkiewicz & Przemysław Kubiak & Dariusz Tarnapowicz & Michal Loman, 2022. "Exhaust Emissions Measurement of a Vehicle with Retrofitted LPG System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-22, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:3:p:1184-:d:743091
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Morthorst, P. E., 2003. "National environmental targets and international emission reduction instruments," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 73-83, January.
    2. Masi, Massimo, 2012. "Experimental analysis on a spark ignition petrol engine fuelled with LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 41(1), pages 252-260.
    3. Timothy Bodisco & Ali Zare, 2019. "Practicalities and Driving Dynamics of a Real Driving Emissions (RDE) Euro 6 Regulation Homologation Test," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-19, June.
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    2. Maksymilian Mądziel, 2023. "Liquified Petroleum Gas-Fuelled Vehicle CO 2 Emission Modelling Based on Portable Emission Measurement System, On-Board Diagnostics Data, and Gradient-Boosting Machine Learning," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-15, March.
    3. Veronika Harantová & Ambróz Hájnik & Alica Kalašová & Tomasz Figlus, 2022. "The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Traffic Flow Characteristics, Emissions Production and Fuel Consumption at a Selected Intersection in Slovakia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-21, March.
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    5. Andrzej Ziółkowski & Paweł Fuć & Aleks Jagielski & Maciej Bednarek, 2022. "Analysis of Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Freight Transport," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-14, June.
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    7. Andrzej Ziółkowski & Paweł Fuć & Piotr Lijewski & Aleks Jagielski & Maciej Bednarek & Władysław Kusiak, 2022. "Analysis of Exhaust Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles on Different Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-21, October.
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