IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i3p1184-d743091.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Exhaust Emissions Measurement of a Vehicle with Retrofitted LPG System

Author

Listed:
  • Branislav Šarkan

    (Department of Road and Urban Transport, University of Žilina, 010-26 Žilina, Slovakia
    Department of Automotive Engineering and Transport, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland)

  • Marek Jaśkiewicz

    (Department of Automotive Engineering and Transport, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland)

  • Przemysław Kubiak

    (Institute of Vehicles and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 84, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
    Ecotechnology Team, Lodz University of Technology, 266 Piotrkowska Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland)

  • Dariusz Tarnapowicz

    (Faculty of Mechatronics and Electrical Engineering, Maritime University of Szczecin, ul. Wały Chrobrego 1-2, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Michal Loman

    (Department of Road and Urban Transport, University of Žilina, 010-26 Žilina, Slovakia)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the production of exhaust emissions from a vehicle with a petrol engine with the Euro 4 emission standard and powered by petrol and LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). The paper presents new possibilities for monitoring exhaust emissions using an exhaust gas analyzer. At the same time, it points out the topicality and significance of the issue in the monitored area. It examines the impact of a change in fuel on emissions. This change is monitored in various areas of vehicle operation. Measurements were performed during real operation, which means that the results are fully usable and applicable in practice. The driving simulation as well as the test conditions correspond to the RDE (Real Driving Emissions) test standard. A commercially available car was first selected to perform the tests, which was first measured in the original configuration (petrol drive). Based on real-time RDE driving tests, it is possible to determine the number of exhaust emissions. Subsequently, the same measurements were performed with the same vehicle, but the vehicle’s propulsion was changed to LPG. The vehicle was equipped with an additional system that allowed the vehicle to be powered by LPG. The results from the individual driving tests allowed the determination of the exhaust emissions. Emissions of CO (carbon monoxide), CO 2 (carbon dioxide), HC (hydrocarbons), and NO x (nitrogen oxides) were monitored as a matter of priority. Through the driving tests, it was found that the gasoline combustion produced higher CO (1.926 g/km) and CO 2 (217.693 g/km) emissions compared to the combustion of liquefied gas, where the concentration of the CO emissions was 1.892 g/km and that of the CO 2 emissions was 213.966 g/km. In contrast, the HC (0.00397 g/km) and NO x (0.03107 g/km) emissions were lower when petrol was burned. During LPG combustion, the HC emissions reached 0.00430 g/km, and the NO x emissions reached 0.05134 g/km. At the end of the research, the authors compared the emissions determined by real driving (in g/km) with the emission values produced by the emission standard EURO 4 and the certificate of conformity (COC). Practical measurements showed that the vehicle produced excessive amounts of CO when burning gasoline. This production is 0.926 g/km higher and 0.892 g/km higher when burning LPG compared to the limit set by the Euro 4 Emission Standard. The difference is even greater than the limit value stated in the COC document. For other substances, the monitored values are in the norm and are even far below the permitted value

Suggested Citation

  • Branislav Šarkan & Marek Jaśkiewicz & Przemysław Kubiak & Dariusz Tarnapowicz & Michal Loman, 2022. "Exhaust Emissions Measurement of a Vehicle with Retrofitted LPG System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-22, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:3:p:1184-:d:743091
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/3/1184/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/3/1184/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Morthorst, P. E., 2003. "National environmental targets and international emission reduction instruments," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 73-83, January.
    2. Masi, Massimo, 2012. "Experimental analysis on a spark ignition petrol engine fuelled with LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 41(1), pages 252-260.
    3. Timothy Bodisco & Ali Zare, 2019. "Practicalities and Driving Dynamics of a Real Driving Emissions (RDE) Euro 6 Regulation Homologation Test," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-19, June.
    4. Borut Jereb & Ondrej Stopka & Tomáš Skrúcaný, 2021. "Methodology for Estimating the Effect of Traffic Flow Management on Fuel Consumption and CO 2 Production: A Case Study of Celje, Slovenia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-18, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Kinga Skobiej & Jacek Pielecha, 2022. "Analysis of the Exhaust Emissions of Hybrid Vehicles for the Current and Future RDE Driving Cycle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-21, November.
    2. Maksymilian Mądziel, 2023. "Liquified Petroleum Gas-Fuelled Vehicle CO 2 Emission Modelling Based on Portable Emission Measurement System, On-Board Diagnostics Data, and Gradient-Boosting Machine Learning," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-15, March.
    3. Veronika Harantová & Ambróz Hájnik & Alica Kalašová & Tomasz Figlus, 2022. "The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Traffic Flow Characteristics, Emissions Production and Fuel Consumption at a Selected Intersection in Slovakia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-21, March.
    4. Monika Andrych-Zalewska & Zdzislaw Chlopek & Jerzy Merkisz & Jacek Pielecha, 2022. "Comparison of Gasoline Engine Exhaust Emissions of a Passenger Car through the WLTC and RDE Type Approval Tests," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-13, November.
    5. Andrzej Ziółkowski & Paweł Fuć & Aleks Jagielski & Maciej Bednarek, 2022. "Analysis of Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Freight Transport," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-14, June.
    6. Joanna Szyszlak-Bargłowicz & Jacek Wasilewski & Grzegorz Zając & Andrzej Kuranc & Adam Koniuszy & Małgorzata Hawrot-Paw, 2022. "Evaluation of Particulate Matter (PM) Emissions from Combustion of Selected Types of Rapeseed Biofuels," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-15, December.
    7. Andrzej Ziółkowski & Paweł Fuć & Piotr Lijewski & Aleks Jagielski & Maciej Bednarek & Władysław Kusiak, 2022. "Analysis of Exhaust Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles on Different Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-21, October.
    8. Santiago Martinez-Boggio & Javier Monsalve-Serrano & Antonio García & Pedro Curto-Risso, 2023. "High Degree of Electrification in Heavy-Duty Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-20, April.
    9. Slavin Viktor & Shuba Yevheniy & Caban Jacek & Matijosius Jonas & Rimkus Alfredas & Korpach Anatolii & Gutarevych Serhiy, 2022. "The Performance of a Car with Various Engine Power Systems – Part II," LOGI – Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics, Sciendo, vol. 13(1), pages 141-151, January.
    10. Agnieszka Dudziak & Jacek Caban & Ondrej Stopka & Monika Stoma & Marie Sejkorová & Mária Stopková, 2023. "Vehicle Market Analysis of Drivers’ Preferences in Terms of the Propulsion Systems: The Czech Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-20, March.
    11. Emilia M. Szumska, 2023. "Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure along Highways in the EU," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-18, January.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Unger, Thomas & Ahlgren, Erik O., 2005. "Impacts of a common green certificate market on electricity and CO2-emission markets in the Nordic countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(16), pages 2152-2163, November.
    2. Kim, Keunsoo & Kim, Junghwan & Oh, Seungmook & Kim, Changup & Lee, Yonggyu, 2017. "Evaluation of injection and ignition schemes for the ultra-lean combustion direct-injection LPG engine to control particulate emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 123-135.
    3. Slavin Viktor & Shuba Yevheniy & Caban Jacek & Matijosius Jonas & Rimkus Alfredas & Korpach Anatolii & Gutarevych Serhiy, 2022. "The Performance of a Car with Various Engine Power Systems – Part II," LOGI – Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics, Sciendo, vol. 13(1), pages 141-151, January.
    4. Gesine Bökenkamp & Wan-Jung Chou & Olav Hohmeyer & Wouter Nijs & Alistair Hunt & Anil Markandya, 2010. "Policy Instruments," Chapters, in: Anil Markandya & Andrea Bigano & Roberto Porchia (ed.), The Social Cost of Electricity, chapter 6, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    5. Raslavičius, Laurencas & Keršys, Artūras & Mockus, Saulius & Keršienė, Neringa & Starevičius, Martynas, 2014. "Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a medium-term option in the transition to sustainable fuels and transport," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 513-525.
    6. Çay, Yusuf & Korkmaz, Ibrahim & Çiçek, Adem & Kara, Fuat, 2013. "Prediction of engine performance and exhaust emissions for gasoline and methanol using artificial neural network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 177-186.
    7. Andrzej Ziółkowski & Paweł Fuć & Piotr Lijewski & Aleks Jagielski & Maciej Bednarek & Władysław Kusiak, 2022. "Analysis of Exhaust Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles on Different Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-21, October.
    8. Sascha Krysmon & Frank Dorscheidt & Johannes Claßen & Marc Düzgün & Stefan Pischinger, 2021. "Real Driving Emissions—Conception of a Data-Driven Calibration Methodology for Hybrid Powertrains Combining Statistical Analysis and Virtual Calibration Platforms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-27, August.
    9. repec:zbw:rwirep:0156 is not listed on IDEAS
    10. Del Rio, Pablo, 2006. "Linking renewable energy CDM projects and TGC schemes: An analysis of different options," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(17), pages 3173-3183, November.
    11. del Rio Gonzalez, Pablo & Hernandez, Felix & Gual, Miguel, 2005. "The implications of the Kyoto project mechanisms for the deployment of renewable electricity in Europe," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(15), pages 2010-2022, October.
    12. Kazimierz Lejda & Artur Jaworski & Maksymilian Mądziel & Krzysztof Balawender & Adam Ustrzycki & Danylo Savostin-Kosiak, 2021. "Assessment of Petrol and Natural Gas Vehicle Carbon Oxides Emissions in the Laboratory and On-Road Tests," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-19, March.
    13. Kitzing, Lena & Mitchell, Catherine & Morthorst, Poul Erik, 2012. "Renewable energy policies in Europe: Converging or diverging?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 192-201.
    14. Frondel, Manuel & Ritter, Nolan & Schmidt, Christoph M. & Vance, Colin, 2010. "Economic impacts from the promotion of renewable energy technologies: The German experience," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(8), pages 4048-4056, August.
    15. Krystian Pietrzak & Oliwia Pietrzak, 2022. "Tram System as a Challenge for Smart and Sustainable Urban Public Transport: Effects of Applying Bi-Directional Trams," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-29, August.
    16. Sáenz de Miera, Gonzalo & del Ri­o González, Pablo & Vizcaino, Ignacio, 2008. "Analysing the impact of renewable electricity support schemes on power prices: The case of wind electricity in Spain," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(9), pages 3345-3359, September.
    17. Manuel Frondel & Nolan Ritter & Christoph M. Schmidt & Colin Vance, 2009. "Economic Impacts from the Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies - The German Experience," Ruhr Economic Papers 0156, Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universität Dortmund, Universität Duisburg-Essen.
    18. Danilo Engelmann & Yan Zimmerli & Jan Czerwinski & Peter Bonsack, 2021. "Real Driving Emissions in Extended Driving Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-19, November.
    19. Frondel, Manuel & Ritter, Nolan & Vance, Colin, 2009. "Economic impacts from the promotion of renewable energies: The German experience. Final Report - October 2009," RWI Projektberichte, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, number 72611, March.
    20. Bird, Lori & Chapman, Caroline & Logan, Jeff & Sumner, Jenny & Short, Walter, 2011. "Evaluating renewable portfolio standards and carbon cap scenarios in the U.S. electric sector," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(5), pages 2573-2585, May.
    21. Karol Tucki, 2021. "A Computer Tool for Modelling CO 2 Emissions in Driving Tests for Vehicles with Diesel Engines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-30, January.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:3:p:1184-:d:743091. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.