IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v94y2016icp542-556.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Mixture formation in a direct injection gas engine: Numerical study on nozzle type, injection pressure and injection timing effects

Author

Listed:
  • Keskinen, Karri
  • Kaario, Ossi
  • Nuutinen, Mika
  • Vuorinen, Ville
  • Künsch, Zaira
  • Liavåg, Lars Ola
  • Larmi, Martti

Abstract

DI (direct injection) gas engines aim at providing clean and efficient combustion. Mixture quality control and hydrocarbon emission reduction are key development challenges in such engines. Here, a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) study of the DI gas injection process is carried out. The aim is to provide knowledge that aids e.g. engine designers in i) extending the lean limit at part load conditions via stratified mixtures, ii) mitigating incomplete combustion by improving mixing and eliminating fuel crevice flow. We investigate the sensitivity of the mixture formation process to nozzle type, injection pressure and injection timing. First, the present CFD method is discussed in free gas jet computations. For reference, we utilize planar laser induced fluorescence measurements and large eddy simulation results. After this, a total of 12 DI cases in moving mesh engine conditions are simulated. The main findings and novel results are listed as follows: 1) injection timing has a considerable influence on mixing rate, 2) efficacy of mixing mechanisms is highly nozzle type dependent, 3) jet-piston interaction may be utilized in the generation of a confining toroidal vortex in the piston bowl, 4) phase space analysis reveals two highly case dependent stages of mixture evolution.

Suggested Citation

  • Keskinen, Karri & Kaario, Ossi & Nuutinen, Mika & Vuorinen, Ville & Künsch, Zaira & Liavåg, Lars Ola & Larmi, Martti, 2016. "Mixture formation in a direct injection gas engine: Numerical study on nozzle type, injection pressure and injection timing effects," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 542-556.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:94:y:2016:i:c:p:542-556
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.09.121
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544215013444
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2015.09.121?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Myung, Cha-Lee & Choi, Kwanhee & Kim, Juwon & Lim, Yunsung & Lee, Jongtae & Park, Simsoo, 2012. "Comparative study of regulated and unregulated toxic emissions characteristics from a spark ignition direct injection light-duty vehicle fueled with gasoline and liquid phase LPG (liquefied petroleum ," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 44(1), pages 189-196.
    2. Rinne, S. & Syri, S., 2015. "The possibilities of combined heat and power production balancing large amounts of wind power in Finland," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 1034-1046.
    3. Harshavardhan, Ballapu & Mallikarjuna, J.M., 2015. "Effect of piston shape on in-cylinder flows and air–fuel interaction in a direct injection spark ignition engine – A CFD analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 361-372.
    4. Kalam, M.A. & Masjuki, H.H., 2011. "An experimental investigation of high performance natural gas engine with direct injection," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 3563-3571.
    5. Costa, M. & Marchitto, L. & Merola, S.S. & Sorge, U., 2014. "Study of mixture formation and early flame development in a research GDI (gasoline direct injection) engine through numerical simulation and UV-digital imaging," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 88-96.
    6. Stempien, Jan Pawel & Ni, Meng & Sun, Qiang & Chan, Siew Hwa, 2015. "Production of sustainable methane from renewable energy and captured carbon dioxide with the use of Solid Oxide Electrolyzer: A thermodynamic assessment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 714-721.
    7. Karavalakis, Georgios & Short, Daniel & Vu, Diep & Russell, Robert L. & Asa-Awuku, Akua & Jung, Heejung & Johnson, Kent C. & Durbin, Thomas D., 2015. "The impact of ethanol and iso-butanol blends on gaseous and particulate emissions from two passenger cars equipped with spray-guided and wall-guided direct injection SI (spark ignition) engines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 168-179.
    8. Park, Cheolwoong & Kim, Sungdae & Kim, Hongsuk & Moriyoshi, Yasuo, 2012. "Stratified lean combustion characteristics of a spray-guided combustion system in a gasoline direct injection engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 41(1), pages 401-407.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Fan, Baowei & Pan, Jianfeng & Yang, Wenming & Chen, Wei & Bani, Stephen, 2017. "The influence of injection strategy on mixture formation and combustion process in a direct injection natural gas rotary engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 663-674.
    2. Kim, Donghwan & Son, Yousang & Park, Sungwook, 2022. "Effects of operating parameters on in-cylinder flow characteristics of an optically accessible engine with a spray-guided injector," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    3. Kaario, Ossi Tapani & Vuorinen, Ville & Zhu, Lei & Larmi, Martti & Liu, Ronghou, 2017. "Mixing and evaporation analysis of a high-pressure SCR system using a hybrid LES-RANS approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 827-841.
    4. Fan, Baowei & Pan, Jianfeng & Yang, Wenming & Pan, Zhenhua & Bani, Stephen & Chen, Wei & He, Ren, 2017. "Combined effect of injection timing and injection angle on mixture formation and combustion process in a direct injection (DI) natural gas rotary engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 519-530.
    5. Wenzhi Gao & Zhen Fu & Yong Li & Yuhuai Li & Jiahua Zou, 2022. "Progress of Performance, Emission, and Technical Measures of Hydrogen Fuel Internal-Combustion Engines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-26, October.
    6. Tianbo Wang & Lanchun Zhang & Qian Chen, 2020. "Effect of Valve Opening Manner and Sealing Method on the Steady Injection Characteristic of Gas Fuel Injector," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-12, March.
    7. Tianbo Wang & Yu Wang & Lanchun Zhang & Yan Zheng & Ranran Liu & Chengmin Wang & Wu Gong, 2024. "Influence of In-Cylinder Turbulence Kinetic Energy on the Mixing Uniformity within Gaseous-Fuel Engines under Various Intake Pressure Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-13, July.
    8. Yang, Kailin & Wang, Zhongshu & Zhang, Kechao & Wang, Dan & Xie, Fangxi & Xu, Yun & Yang, Kaiqiang, 2023. "Impact of natural gas injection timing on the combustion and emissions performance of a dual-direct-injection diesel/natural gas engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    9. Jiang, Chenxu & Li, Zilong & Qian, Yong & Wang, Xiaole & Zhang, Yahui & Lu, Xingcai, 2018. "Influences of fuel injection strategies on combustion performance and regular/irregular emissions in a turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine: Commercial gasoline versus multi-components gasoli," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 173-187.
    10. Tianbo Wang & Lanchun Zhang & Li Li & Jiahui Wu & Hongchen Wang, 2022. "Numerical Comparative Study on the In-Cylinder Mixing Performance of Port Fuel Injection and Direct Injection Gas-Fueled Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-15, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Allocca, L. & Lazzaro, M. & Meccariello, G. & Montanaro, A., 2016. "Schlieren visualization of a GDI spray impacting on a heated wall: Non-vaporizing and vaporizing evolutions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 93-98.
    2. Kim, Keunsoo & Kim, Junghwan & Oh, Seungmook & Kim, Changup & Lee, Yonggyu, 2017. "Evaluation of injection and ignition schemes for the ultra-lean combustion direct-injection LPG engine to control particulate emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 123-135.
    3. Jiang, Chenxu & Li, Zilong & Qian, Yong & Wang, Xiaole & Zhang, Yahui & Lu, Xingcai, 2018. "Influences of fuel injection strategies on combustion performance and regular/irregular emissions in a turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine: Commercial gasoline versus multi-components gasoli," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 173-187.
    4. Cheolwoong Park & Taeyoung Kim & Gyubaek Cho & Janghee Lee, 2016. "Combustion and Emission Characteristics According to the Fuel Injection Ratio of an Ultra-Lean LPG Direct Injection Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-12, November.
    5. Xiao, Gang & Jia, Ming & Wang, Tianyou, 2016. "Large eddy simulation of n-heptane spray combustion in partially premixed combustion regime with linear eddy model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 20-35.
    6. Zhang, Zhifei & Li, Tie & Shi, Weiquan, 2019. "Ambient Tracer-LIF for 2-D quantitative measurement of fuel concentration in gas jets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 372-384.
    7. Song, Jingeun & Kim, Taehoon & Jang, Jihwan & Park, Sungwook, 2015. "Effects of the injection strategy on the mixture formation and combustion characteristics in a DISI (direct injection spark ignition) optical engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P2), pages 1758-1768.
    8. V, Vishal & J.M, Mallikarjuna, 2024. "Effect of baffles in the combustion chamber of a gasoline direct injection engine – A computational fluid dynamics analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    9. Østergaard, P.A. & Lund, H. & Thellufsen, J.Z. & Sorknæs, P. & Mathiesen, B.V., 2022. "Review and validation of EnergyPLAN," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    10. Rämä, Miika & Wahlroos, Mikko, 2018. "Introduction of new decentralised renewable heat supply in an existing district heating system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 68-79.
    11. Valdes, Javier & Poque González, Axel Bastián & Masip Macia, Yunesky & Dorner, Wolfgang & Ramirez Camargo, Luis, 2020. "Unveiling the potential for combined heat and power in Chilean industry - A policy perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    12. Liu, Haoye & Li, Ziyang & Xu, Hongming & Ma, Xiao & Shuai, Shijin, 2020. "Nucleation mode particle evolution in a gasoline direct injection engine with/without a three-way catalyst converter," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    13. Marelli, Silvia & Marmorato, Giulio & Capobianco, Massimo, 2016. "Evaluation of heat transfer effects in small turbochargers by theoretical model and its experimental validation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 264-272.
    14. Yanjuan Yu & Hongkun Chen & Lei Chen, 2018. "Comparative Study of Electric Energy Storages and Thermal Energy Auxiliaries for Improving Wind Power Integration in the Cogeneration System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-16, January.
    15. Gao, Zhiming & Curran, Scott J. & Parks, James E. & Smith, David E. & Wagner, Robert M. & Daw, C. Stuart & Edwards, K. Dean & Thomas, John F., 2015. "Drive cycle simulation of high efficiency combustions on fuel economy and exhaust properties in light-duty vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 762-776.
    16. Olkkonen, Ville & Hirvonen, Janne & Heljo, Juhani & Syri, Sanna, 2021. "Effectiveness of building stock sustainability measures in a low-carbon energy system: A scenario analysis for Finland until 2050," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
    17. Liu, Zengbin & Zhen, Xudong & Tian, Zhi & Liu, Daming & Wang, Yang, 2024. "Study on the effect of injection strategy on the combustion and emission characteristics of direct injection spark ignition bio-butanol engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    18. Zhang, Zhijin & Zhang, Haiyan & Wang, Tianyou & Jia, Ming, 2014. "Effects of tumble combined with EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) on the combustion and emissions in a spark ignition engine at part loads," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 18-24.
    19. Yuan, Zhipeng & Fu, Jianqin & Liu, Qi & Ma, Yinjie & Zhan, Zhangsong, 2018. "Quantitative study on influence factors of power performance of variable valve timing (VVT) engines and correction of its governing equation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 314-326.
    20. Heinen, Steve & Burke, Daniel & O'Malley, Mark, 2016. "Electricity, gas, heat integration via residential hybrid heating technologies – An investment model assessment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 906-919.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:94:y:2016:i:c:p:542-556. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.