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Comprehensive energy modeling methodology for battery electric buses

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  • Basma, Hussein
  • Mansour, Charbel
  • Haddad, Marc
  • Nemer, Maroun
  • Stabat, Pascal

Abstract

With the announced plans to ban diesel in major European cities from 2025, battery-powered electric buses (BEB) are attracting attention to replace diesel fleets, given their zero tailpipe emissions. However, their large-scale deployment faces several challenges, namely the limited driving range (DR) and the need for adequate charging infrastructure. The limited DR is due to the lower battery specific energy compared to oil-based fuels. Also, the use of electric auxiliaries, especially, air conditioning, reduces the DR further. The DR problem could be resolved either by increasing the battery capacity, which increases the bus cost or by rightsizing the battery alongside an adequate charging strategy to avoid schedule disruption. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive energy modeling of a BEB using Dymola, encompassing the different energy systems encountered in BEB. The proposed model serves as a platform to evaluate the bus energy needs during its service to properly size the battery. A powertrain model is presented to emulate the propulsion load. Then, a cabin model alongside a heating ventilating and air conditioning system are developed emulating the thermal load. Finally, auxiliaries necessary for the bus operation are modeled. The energy consumption of each system is assessed under several operating conditions.

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  • Basma, Hussein & Mansour, Charbel & Haddad, Marc & Nemer, Maroun & Stabat, Pascal, 2020. "Comprehensive energy modeling methodology for battery electric buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:207:y:2020:i:c:s0360544220313487
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.118241
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    10. Basma, Hussein & Mansour, Charbel & Haddad, Marc & Nemer, Maroun & Stabat, Pascal, 2023. "A novel method for co-optimizing battery sizing and charging strategy of battery electric bus fleets: An application to the city of Paris," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    11. Dariusz Masłowski & Ewa Kulińska & Łukasz Krzewicki, 2023. "Alternative Methods of Replacing Electric Batteries in Public Transport Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-22, August.
    12. Basma, Hussein & Mansour, Charbel & Haddad, Marc & Nemer, Maroun & Stabat, Pascal, 2022. "Energy consumption and battery sizing for different types of electric bus service," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PE).
    13. Szilassy, Péter Ákos & Földes, Dávid, 2022. "Consumption estimation method for battery-electric buses using general line characteristics and temperature," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PA).
    14. Krzysztof KRAWIEC, 2021. "Vehicle Cycle Hierarchization Model To Determine The Order Of Battery Electric Bus Deployment In Public Transport," Transport Problems, Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Transport, vol. 16(1), pages 99-112, March.
    15. Viana-Fons, Joan Dídac & Payá, Jorge, 2024. "HVAC system operation, consumption and compressor size optimization in urban buses of Mediterranean cities," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    16. Hariharan, C. & Gunadevan, D. & Arun Prakash, S. & Latha, K. & Antony Aroul Raj, V. & Velraj, R., 2022. "Simulation of battery energy consumption in an electric car with traction and HVAC model for a given source and destination for reducing the range anxiety of the driver," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
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    18. Lim, Lek Keng & Muis, Zarina Ab & Ho, Wai Shin & Hashim, Haslenda & Bong, Cassendra Phun Chien, 2023. "Review of the energy forecasting and scheduling model for electric buses," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PD).

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