IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v308y2022ics0306261921015981.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimal pool composition of commercial electric vehicles in V2G fleet operation of various electricity markets

Author

Listed:
  • Tepe, Benedikt
  • Figgener, Jan
  • Englberger, Stefan
  • Sauer, Dirk Uwe
  • Jossen, Andreas
  • Hesse, Holger

Abstract

The market ramp-up of electromobility is shifting vehicle-to-grid (V2G) issues into the focus of research and industry. Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to support the trend towards renewable energies in their role as storage units during idle times. To participate in balancing power and energy markets, EVs are pooled via aggregators. Instead of a random composition, aggregators can smartly compose their pools and add only those vehicles that actually contribute to the pool’s performance, gaining advantages over competitors. The optimization methods presented in this paper form optimized pool combinations based on the power and energy capability profiles of commercial EVs. Genetic algorithms are used to determine the revenues of the possible pools per participating EV. The use cases analyzed are the provision of balancing power on the frequency containment reserve (FCR) market of Central Europe and energy arbitrage trading on the European power exchange intraday continuous and day-ahead auction spot markets. The results show that through smart pool composition, an aggregator can increase revenue per vehicle by up to seven-fold across the markets compared to randomly assembled pools. In the Central European market, for example, the potential V2G revenues on the FCR market (380 €) exceeded those of arbitrage trading (28 € − 203 €) in 2020. In a simulation, we show the increased degradation of the vehicle battery in V2G operation compared to sole use for mobility with a smart charging strategy. However, the additional revenue can make V2G financially worthwhile, depending on costs for measuring equipment, bidirectional charging stations, and aggregator costs.

Suggested Citation

  • Tepe, Benedikt & Figgener, Jan & Englberger, Stefan & Sauer, Dirk Uwe & Jossen, Andreas & Hesse, Holger, 2022. "Optimal pool composition of commercial electric vehicles in V2G fleet operation of various electricity markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:308:y:2022:i:c:s0306261921015981
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118351
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261921015981
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118351?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Angenendt, Georg & Zurmühlen, Sebastian & Figgener, Jan & Kairies, Kai-Philipp & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2020. "Providing frequency control reserve with photovoltaic battery energy storage systems and power-to-heat coupling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    2. Timo Kern & Patrick Dossow & Serafin von Roon, 2020. "Integrating Bidirectionally Chargeable Electric Vehicles into the Electricity Markets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-30, November.
    3. Bishop, Justin D.K. & Axon, Colin J. & Bonilla, David & Tran, Martino & Banister, David & McCulloch, Malcolm D., 2013. "Evaluating the impact of V2G services on the degradation of batteries in PHEV and EV," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 206-218.
    4. Zhou, Kaile & Cheng, Lexin & Lu, Xinhui & Wen, Lulu, 2020. "Scheduling model of electric vehicles charging considering inconvenience and dynamic electricity prices," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    5. Petit, Martin & Prada, Eric & Sauvant-Moynot, Valérie, 2016. "Development of an empirical aging model for Li-ion batteries and application to assess the impact of Vehicle-to-Grid strategies on battery lifetime," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 398-407.
    6. Gschwendtner, Christine & Sinsel, Simon R. & Stephan, Annegret, 2021. "Vehicle-to-X (V2X) implementation: An overview of predominate trial configurations and technical, social and regulatory challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    7. Shang, Duo (Rick) & Sun, Guodong, 2016. "Electricity-price arbitrage with plug-in hybrid electric vehicle: Gain or loss?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 402-410.
    8. Hu, Junjie & Morais, Hugo & Sousa, Tiago & Lind, Morten, 2016. "Electric vehicle fleet management in smart grids: A review of services, optimization and control aspects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 1207-1226.
    9. Uddin, Kotub & Dubarry, Matthieu & Glick, Mark B., 2018. "The viability of vehicle-to-grid operations from a battery technology and policy perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 342-347.
    10. Englberger, Stefan & Abo Gamra, Kareem & Tepe, Benedikt & Schreiber, Michael & Jossen, Andreas & Hesse, Holger, 2021. "Electric vehicle multi-use: Optimizing multiple value streams using mobile storage systems in a vehicle-to-grid context," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    11. Tarroja, Brian & Zhang, Li & Wifvat, Van & Shaffer, Brendan & Samuelsen, Scott, 2016. "Assessing the stationary energy storage equivalency of vehicle-to-grid charging battery electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 673-690.
    12. Bradbury, Kyle & Pratson, Lincoln & Patiño-Echeverri, Dalia, 2014. "Economic viability of energy storage systems based on price arbitrage potential in real-time U.S. electricity markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 512-519.
    13. J.I. Guerrero & Enrique Personal & Antonio García & Antonio Parejo & Francisco Pérez & Carlos León, 2019. "Distributed Charging Prioritization Methodology Based on Evolutionary Computation and Virtual Power Plants to Integrate Electric Vehicle Fleets on Smart Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-22, June.
    14. Zheng, Yanchong & Yu, Hang & Shao, Ziyun & Jian, Linni, 2020. "Day-ahead bidding strategy for electric vehicle aggregator enabling multiple agent modes in uncertain electricity markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    15. Tuchnitz, Felix & Ebell, Niklas & Schlund, Jonas & Pruckner, Marco, 2021. "Development and Evaluation of a Smart Charging Strategy for an Electric Vehicle Fleet Based on Reinforcement Learning," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    16. Yunpeng Guo & Weijia Liu & Fushuan Wen & Abdus Salam & Jianwei Mao & Liang Li, 2017. "Bidding Strategy for Aggregators of Electric Vehicles in Day-Ahead Electricity Markets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-20, January.
    17. Geske, Joachim & Schumann, Diana, 2018. "Willing to participate in vehicle-to-grid (V2G)? Why not!," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 392-401.
    18. Peng, Chao & Zou, Jianxiao & Lian, Lian & Li, Liying, 2017. "An optimal dispatching strategy for V2G aggregator participating in supplementary frequency regulation considering EV driving demand and aggregator’s benefits," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 591-599.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Junchao Cheng & Yongyi Huang & Hongjing He & Abdul Matin Ibrahimi & Tomonobu Senjyu, 2023. "Optimal Operation of CCHP System Combined Electric Vehicles Considering Seasons," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-21, May.
    2. Leonardo Dias & Brigitte Jaumard & Lackis Eleftheriadis, 2024. "Taking Advantage of Spare Battery Capacity in Cellular Networks to Provide Grid Frequency Regulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-28, July.
    3. Li, Yipu & Su, Hao & Zhou, Yun & Chen, Lixia & Shi, Yiwei & Li, Hengjie & Feng, Donghan, 2023. "Two-stage real-time optimal electricity dispatch strategy for urban residential quarter with electric vehicles’ charging load," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    4. Li, Xiaohui & Wang, Zhenpo & Zhang, Lei & Sun, Fengchun & Cui, Dingsong & Hecht, Christopher & Figgener, Jan & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2023. "Electric vehicle behavior modeling and applications in vehicle-grid integration: An overview," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    5. Muchun Wan & Heyang Yu & Yingning Huo & Kan Yu & Quanyuan Jiang & Guangchao Geng, 2024. "Feasibility and Challenges for Vehicle-to-Grid in Electricity Market: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-23, January.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Gschwendtner, Christine & Sinsel, Simon R. & Stephan, Annegret, 2021. "Vehicle-to-X (V2X) implementation: An overview of predominate trial configurations and technical, social and regulatory challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    2. Andre Leippi & Markus Fleschutz & Michael D. Murphy, 2022. "A Review of EV Battery Utilization in Demand Response Considering Battery Degradation in Non-Residential Vehicle-to-Grid Scenarios," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-22, April.
    3. Englberger, Stefan & Abo Gamra, Kareem & Tepe, Benedikt & Schreiber, Michael & Jossen, Andreas & Hesse, Holger, 2021. "Electric vehicle multi-use: Optimizing multiple value streams using mobile storage systems in a vehicle-to-grid context," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 304(C).
    4. Signer, Tim & Baumgartner, Nora & Ruppert, Manuel & Sandmeier, Thorben & Fichtner, Wolf, 2024. "Modeling V2G spot market trading: The impact of charging tariffs on economic viability," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    5. Gaizka Saldaña & Jose Ignacio San Martin & Inmaculada Zamora & Francisco Javier Asensio & Oier Oñederra, 2019. "Electric Vehicle into the Grid: Charging Methodologies Aimed at Providing Ancillary Services Considering Battery Degradation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-37, June.
    6. Morteza Nazari-Heris & Mehdi Abapour & Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo, 2022. "An Updated Review and Outlook on Electric Vehicle Aggregators in Electric Energy Networks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-24, November.
    7. Nataliia Shamarova & Konstantin Suslov & Pavel Ilyushin & Ilia Shushpanov, 2022. "Review of Battery Energy Storage Systems Modeling in Microgrids with Renewables Considering Battery Degradation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-18, September.
    8. Popović Vlado & Jereb Borut & Kilibarda Milorad & Andrejić Milan & Keshavarzsaleh Abolfazl & Dragan Dejan, 2018. "Electric Vehicles as Electricity Storages in Electric Power Systems," Logistics, Supply Chain, Sustainability and Global Challenges, Sciendo, vol. 9(2), pages 57-72, October.
    9. Østergaard, P.A. & Lund, H. & Thellufsen, J.Z. & Sorknæs, P. & Mathiesen, B.V., 2022. "Review and validation of EnergyPLAN," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    10. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Kester, Johannes & Noel, Lance & Zarazua de Rubens, Gerardo, 2020. "Actors, business models, and innovation activity systems for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    11. Rishabh Ghotge & Koen Philippe Nijssen & Jan Anne Annema & Zofia Lukszo, 2022. "Use before You Choose: What Do EV Drivers Think about V2G after Experiencing It?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-22, July.
    12. Müller, Mathias & Blume, Yannic & Reinhard, Janis, 2022. "Impact of behind-the-meter optimised bidirectional electric vehicles on the distribution grid load," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    13. Alexandre F. M. Correia & Pedro Moura & Aníbal T. de Almeida, 2022. "Technical and Economic Assessment of Battery Storage and Vehicle-to-Grid Systems in Building Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-23, November.
    14. García-Villalobos, J. & Zamora, I. & Knezović, K. & Marinelli, M., 2016. "Multi-objective optimization control of plug-in electric vehicles in low voltage distribution networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 155-168.
    15. Keumju Lim & Justine Jihyun Kim & Jongsu Lee, 2020. "Forecasting the future scale of vehicle to grid technology for electric vehicles and its economic value as future electric energy source: The case of South Korea," Energy & Environment, , vol. 31(8), pages 1350-1366, December.
    16. Gonzalez Venegas, Felipe & Petit, Marc & Perez, Yannick, 2021. "Active integration of electric vehicles into distribution grids: Barriers and frameworks for flexibility services," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    17. de la Torre, S. & Aguado, J.A. & Sauma, E., 2023. "Optimal scheduling of ancillary services provided by an electric vehicle aggregator," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    18. Thompson, Andrew W. & Perez, Yannick, 2020. "Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) energy services, value streams, and regulatory policy implications," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    19. Harbrecht, Alexander & McKenna, Russell & Fischer, David & Fichtner, Wolf, 2018. "Behavior-oriented modeling of electric vehicle load profiles: A stochastic simulation model considering different household characteristics, charging decisions and locations," Working Paper Series in Production and Energy 29, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Industrial Production (IIP).
    20. David Borge-Diez & Pedro Miguel Ortega-Cabezas & Antonio Colmenar-Santos & Jorge-Juan Blanes-Peiró, 2020. "Contribution of Driving Efficiency and Vehicle-to-Grid to Eco-Design," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-29, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:308:y:2022:i:c:s0306261921015981. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.