IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/enepol/v137y2020ics0301421519307244.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) energy services, value streams, and regulatory policy implications

Author

Listed:
  • Thompson, Andrew W.
  • Perez, Yannick

Abstract

Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X) is an umbrella term to explain the use of electric vehicle batteries to derive additional value during times of non-use. V2X services generate revenue from the battery asset through dynamic (V1X) or bi-directional (V2X) charging to provide benefits to the electric grid, to reduce energy consumption of buildings and homes, or to provide back-up power to loads. While relatively unknown and still regarded as a nascent technology, V2X exhibits low capital costs and enabling costs have decreased by 90% since 2014.

Suggested Citation

  • Thompson, Andrew W. & Perez, Yannick, 2020. "Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) energy services, value streams, and regulatory policy implications," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:137:y:2020:i:c:s0301421519307244
    DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111136
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421519307244
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111136?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to look for a different version below or search for a different version of it.

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Robledo, Carla B. & Oldenbroek, Vincent & Abbruzzese, Francesca & van Wijk, Ad J.M., 2018. "Integrating a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle with vehicle-to-grid technology, photovoltaic power and a residential building," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C), pages 615-629.
    2. Tan, Kang Miao & Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar & Yong, Jia Ying & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K., 2019. "A multi-control vehicle-to-grid charger with bi-directional active and reactive power capabilities for power grid support," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 1150-1163.
    3. Koh, Siong Lee & Lim, Yun Seng, 2016. "Methodology for assessing viability of energy storage system for buildings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 519-531.
    4. Borne, Olivier & Korte, Klaas & Perez, Yannick & Petit, Marc & Purkus, Alexandra, 2018. "Barriers to entry in frequency-regulation services markets: Review of the status quo and options for improvements," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 605-614.
    5. Olivier Borne & Klaas Korte & Yannick Perez & Marc Petit & Alexandra Purkus, 2018. "Barriers to entry in frequency-regulation services markets: Review of the status quo and options for improvements," Post-Print hal-01660475, HAL.
    6. Codani, Paul & Perez, Yannick & Petit, Marc, 2016. "Financial shortfall for electric vehicles: Economic impacts of Transmission System Operators market designs," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 422-431.
    7. Uddin, Kotub & Dubarry, Matthieu & Glick, Mark B., 2018. "The viability of vehicle-to-grid operations from a battery technology and policy perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 342-347.
    8. Pearre, Nathaniel S. & Ribberink, Hajo, 2019. "Review of research on V2X technologies, strategies, and operations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 61-70.
    9. Neuhoff, Karsten & Ritter, Nolan & Schwenen, Sebastian, 2015. "Bidding Structures and Trading Arrangements for Flexibility across EU Power Markets," EconStor Research Reports 111922, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
    10. Borne, Olivier & Perez, Yannick & Petit, Marc, 2018. "Market integration or bids granularity to enhance flexibility provision by batteries of electric vehicles," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 140-148.
    11. Mullan, Jonathan & Harries, David & Bräunl, Thomas & Whitely, Stephen, 2012. "The technical, economic and commercial viability of the vehicle-to-grid concept," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 394-406.
    12. Bishop, Justin D.K. & Axon, Colin J. & Bonilla, David & Tran, Martino & Banister, David & McCulloch, Malcolm D., 2013. "Evaluating the impact of V2G services on the degradation of batteries in PHEV and EV," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 206-218.
    13. Jean-Michel Glachant & Yannick Perez, 2009. "The Achievement of Electricity Competitive Reforms: A Governance Structure Problem?," Chapters, in: Claude Ménard & Michel Ghertman (ed.), Regulation, Deregulation, Reregulation, chapter 9, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    14. Uddin, Kotub & Jackson, Tim & Widanage, Widanalage D. & Chouchelamane, Gael & Jennings, Paul A. & Marco, James, 2017. "On the possibility of extending the lifetime of lithium-ion batteries through optimal V2G facilitated by an integrated vehicle and smart-grid system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 710-722.
    15. Zachary P. Cano & Dustin Banham & Siyu Ye & Andreas Hintennach & Jun Lu & Michael Fowler & Zhongwei Chen, 2018. "Batteries and fuel cells for emerging electric vehicle markets," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 3(4), pages 279-289, April.
    16. Kester, Johannes & Noel, Lance & Zarazua de Rubens, Gerardo & Sovacool, Benjamin K., 2018. "Promoting Vehicle to Grid (V2G) in the Nordic region: Expert advice on policy mechanisms for accelerated diffusion," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 422-432.
    17. Cherrelle Eid & Paul Codani & Yannick Perez & Javier Reneses & Rudi Hakvoort, 2016. "Managing electric flexibility from Distributed Energy Resources: A review of incentives for market design," Post-Print hal-01792419, HAL.
    18. Eid, Cherrelle & Codani, Paul & Perez, Yannick & Reneses, Javier & Hakvoort, Rudi, 2016. "Managing electric flexibility from Distributed Energy Resources: A review of incentives for market design," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 237-247.
    19. Schittekatte, Tim & Momber, Ilan & Meeus, Leonardo, 2018. "Future-proof tariff design: Recovering sunk grid costs in a world where consumers are pushing back," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 484-498.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Felipe Gonzalez & Marc Petit & Yannick Perez, 2021. "Plug-in behavior of electric vehicles users: Insights from a large-scale trial and impacts for grid integration studies," Post-Print hal-03363782, HAL.
    2. García-Afonso, Óscar & González-Díaz, Benjamín, 2023. "Effectiveness of zero tailpipe vehicles to reduce CO2 emissions in isolated power systems, a realistic perspective: Tenerife Island test case," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    3. Lauvergne, Rémi & Perez, Yannick & Françon, Mathilde & Tejeda De La Cruz, Alberto, 2022. "Integration of electric vehicles into transmission grids: A case study on generation adequacy in Europe in 2040," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    4. Krzysztof Zagrajek, 2021. "A Survey Data Approach for Determining the Probability Values of Vehicle-to-Grid Service Provision," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-38, November.
    5. Krzysztof Zagrajek & Mariusz Kłos & Desire D. Rasolomampionona & Mirosław Lewandowski & Karol Pawlak, 2023. "The Novel Approach of Using Electric Vehicles as a Resource to Mitigate the Negative Effects of Power Rationing on Non-Residential Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-36, December.
    6. David Borge-Diez & Pedro Miguel Ortega-Cabezas & Antonio Colmenar-Santos & Jorge Juan Blanes-Peiró, 2021. "Contribution of Driving Efficiency to Vehicle-to-Building," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-30, June.
    7. Freitas Gomes, Icaro Silvestre & Perez, Yannick & Suomalainen, Emilia, 2021. "Rate design with distributed energy resources and electric vehicles: A Californian case study," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    8. Francesco Lo Franco & Mattia Ricco & Riccardo Mandrioli & Gabriele Grandi, 2020. "Electric Vehicle Aggregate Power Flow Prediction and Smart Charging System for Distributed Renewable Energy Self-Consumption Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-25, September.
    9. Aziz Rachid & Hassan El Fadil & Khawla Gaouzi & Kamal Rachid & Abdellah Lassioui & Zakariae El Idrissi & Mohamed Koundi, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Charging Systems: Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-38, December.
    10. Greaker, Mads & Hagem, Cathrine & Proost, Stef, 2022. "An economic model of vehicle-to-grid: Impacts on the electricity market and consumer cost of electric vehicles," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    11. Metais, M.O. & Jouini, O. & Perez, Y. & Berrada, J. & Suomalainen, E., 2022. "Too much or not enough? Planning electric vehicle charging infrastructure: A review of modeling options," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    12. Rahmat Khezri & David Steen & Le Anh Tuan, 2024. "Willingness to Participate in Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) in Sweden, 2022—Using an Electric Vehicle’s Battery for More Than Transport," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-19, February.
    13. Krzysztof Zagrajek & Józef Paska & Łukasz Sosnowski & Konrad Gobosz & Konrad Wróblewski, 2021. "Framework for the Introduction of Vehicle-to-Grid Technology into the Polish Electricity Market," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-30, June.
    14. Lind, Leandro & Chaves-Ávila, José Pablo & Valarezo, Orlando & Sanjab, Anibal & Olmos, Luis, 2024. "Baseline methods for distributed flexibility in power systems considering resource, market, and product characteristics," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    15. Julie Waldron & Lucelia Rodrigues & Sanchari Deb & Mark Gillott & Sophie Naylor & Chris Rimmer, 2024. "Exploring Opportunities for Vehicle-to-Grid Implementation through Demonstration Projects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-28, March.
    16. Jenn, Alan PhD & Brown, Austin PhD, 2021. "Green Charging of Electric Vehicles Under a Net-Zero Emissions Policy Transition in California," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt2rv3h345, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
    17. Qiu, Yueming Lucy & Wang, Yi David & Iseki, Hiroyuki & Shen, Xingchi & Xing, Bo & Zhang, Huiming, 2022. "Empirical grid impact of in-home electric vehicle charging differs from predictions," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    18. Lazher Mejdi & Faten Kardous & Khaled Grayaa, 2022. "Impact Analysis and Optimization of EV Charging Loads on the LV Grid: A Case Study of Workplace Parking in Tunisia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-18, September.
    19. Klimenko, V.V. & Ratner, S.V. & Tereshin, A.G., 2021. "Constraints imposed by key-material resources on renewable energy development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    20. Agbotiname Lucky Imoize & Hope Ikoghene Obakhena & Francis Ifeanyi Anyasi & Samarendra Nath Sur, 2022. "A Review of Energy Efficiency and Power Control Schemes in Ultra-Dense Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems for Sustainable 6G Wireless Communication," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-38, September.
    21. Ioan-Sorin Sorlei & Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong & Mihai Varlam & Elena Carcadea & Mihai Culcer & Mariana Iliescu & Mircea Raceanu, 2021. "Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles—A Brief Review of Current Topologies and Energy Management Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-29, January.
    22. Jenn, Alan, 2023. "Emissions of electric vehicles in California’s transition to carbon neutrality," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
    23. Connor Scott & Mominul Ahsan & Alhussein Albarbar, 2021. "Machine Learning Based Vehicle to Grid Strategy for Improving the Energy Performance of Public Buildings," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-22, April.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Andrew W Thompson & Yannick Perez, 2019. "Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X) Energy Services, Value Streams, and Regulatory Policy Implications," Working Papers hal-02265826, HAL.
    2. Freitas Gomes, Icaro Silvestre & Perez, Yannick & Suomalainen, Emilia, 2020. "Coupling small batteries and PV generation: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    3. Gonzalez Venegas, Felipe & Petit, Marc & Perez, Yannick, 2021. "Active integration of electric vehicles into distribution grids: Barriers and frameworks for flexibility services," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    4. Yannick Perez & Wale Arowolo, 2021. "Economics of Electric Mobility: Utilities and Electric mobility," Working Papers hal-03522048, HAL.
    5. Rancilio, G. & Rossi, A. & Falabretti, D. & Galliani, A. & Merlo, M., 2022. "Ancillary services markets in europe: Evolution and regulatory trade-offs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    6. Okur, Özge & Heijnen, Petra & Lukszo, Zofia, 2021. "Aggregator’s business models in residential and service sectors: A review of operational and financial aspects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    7. P Codani & Marc Petit & Yannick Perez, 2018. "Innovation et règles inefficaces : le cas des véhicules électriques," Post-Print halshs-01980639, HAL.
    8. Hoarau, Quentin & Perez, Yannick, 2019. "Network tariff design with prosumers and electromobility: Who wins, who loses?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 26-39.
    9. Freitas Gomes, Icaro Silvestre & Perez, Yannick & Suomalainen, Emilia, 2021. "Rate design with distributed energy resources and electric vehicles: A Californian case study," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    10. Martina Arosio & Davide Falabretti, 2023. "DER Participation in Ancillary Services Market: An Analysis of Current Trends and Future Opportunities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-21, March.
    11. Dallinger, Bettina & Auer, Hans & Lettner, Georg, 2018. "Impact of harmonised common balancing capacity procurement in selected Central European electricity balancing markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C), pages 351-368.
    12. Solanke, Tirupati U. & Khatua, Pradeep K. & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. & Yong, Jia Ying & Tan, Kang Miao, 2021. "Control and management of a multilevel electric vehicles infrastructure integrated with distributed resources: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    13. Aikaterini Forouli & Emmanouil A. Bakirtzis & Georgios Papazoglou & Konstantinos Oureilidis & Vasileios Gkountis & Luisa Candido & Eloi Delgado Ferrer & Pandelis Biskas, 2021. "Assessment of Demand Side Flexibility in European Electricity Markets: A Country Level Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-23, April.
    14. Pearre, Nathaniel S. & Ribberink, Hajo, 2019. "Review of research on V2X technologies, strategies, and operations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 61-70.
    15. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Kester, Johannes & Noel, Lance & Zarazua de Rubens, Gerardo, 2020. "Actors, business models, and innovation activity systems for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    16. Backe, Stian & Zwickl-Bernhard, Sebastian & Schwabeneder, Daniel & Auer, Hans & Korpås, Magnus & Tomasgard, Asgeir, 2022. "Impact of energy communities on the European electricity and heating system decarbonization pathway: Comparing local and global flexibility responses," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    17. George Baure & Matthieu Dubarry, 2020. "Durability and Reliability of EV Batteries under Electric Utility Grid Operations: Impact of Frequency Regulation Usage on Cell Degradation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-11, May.
    18. Gaizka Saldaña & Jose Ignacio San Martin & Inmaculada Zamora & Francisco Javier Asensio & Oier Oñederra, 2019. "Electric Vehicle into the Grid: Charging Methodologies Aimed at Providing Ancillary Services Considering Battery Degradation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-37, June.
    19. Lauvergne, Rémi & Perez, Yannick & Françon, Mathilde & Tejeda De La Cruz, Alberto, 2022. "Integration of electric vehicles into transmission grids: A case study on generation adequacy in Europe in 2040," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    20. Sevdari, Kristian & Calearo, Lisa & Andersen, Peter Bach & Marinelli, Mattia, 2022. "Ancillary services and electric vehicles: An overview from charging clusters and chargers technology perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:137:y:2020:i:c:s0301421519307244. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/enpol .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.