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Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) energy services, value streams, and regulatory policy implications

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  • Andrew Thompson

    (RITM - Réseaux Innovation Territoires et Mondialisation - UP11 - Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11, VeDeCom - VEhicule DEcarboné et COmmuniquant et sa Mobilité)

  • Yannick Perez

    (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay)

Abstract

Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X) is an umbrella term to explain the use of electric vehicle batteries to derive additional value during times of non-use. V2X services generate revenue from the battery asset through dynamic (V1X) or bi-directional (V2X) charging to provide benefits to the electric grid, to reduce energy consumption of buildings and homes, or to provide back-up power to loads. While relatively unknown and still regarded as a nascent technology, V2X exhibits low capital costs and enabling costs have decreased by 90% since 2014.
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Suggested Citation

  • Andrew Thompson & Yannick Perez, 2020. "Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) energy services, value streams, and regulatory policy implications," Post-Print halshs-02860026, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02860026
    DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111136
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    1. Borne, Olivier & Korte, Klaas & Perez, Yannick & Petit, Marc & Purkus, Alexandra, 2018. "Barriers to entry in frequency-regulation services markets: Review of the status quo and options for improvements," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 605-614.
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    Cited by:

    1. García-Afonso, Óscar & González-Díaz, Benjamín, 2023. "Effectiveness of zero tailpipe vehicles to reduce CO2 emissions in isolated power systems, a realistic perspective: Tenerife Island test case," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    2. Lauvergne, Rémi & Perez, Yannick & Françon, Mathilde & Tejeda De La Cruz, Alberto, 2022. "Integration of electric vehicles into transmission grids: A case study on generation adequacy in Europe in 2040," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    3. David Borge-Diez & Pedro Miguel Ortega-Cabezas & Antonio Colmenar-Santos & Jorge Juan Blanes-Peiró, 2021. "Contribution of Driving Efficiency to Vehicle-to-Building," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-30, June.
    4. Freitas Gomes, Icaro Silvestre & Perez, Yannick & Suomalainen, Emilia, 2021. "Rate design with distributed energy resources and electric vehicles: A Californian case study," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    5. Francesco Lo Franco & Mattia Ricco & Riccardo Mandrioli & Gabriele Grandi, 2020. "Electric Vehicle Aggregate Power Flow Prediction and Smart Charging System for Distributed Renewable Energy Self-Consumption Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-25, September.
    6. Greaker, Mads & Hagem, Cathrine & Proost, Stef, 2022. "An economic model of vehicle-to-grid: Impacts on the electricity market and consumer cost of electric vehicles," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    7. Metais, M.O. & Jouini, O. & Perez, Y. & Berrada, J. & Suomalainen, E., 2022. "Too much or not enough? Planning electric vehicle charging infrastructure: A review of modeling options," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    8. Lind, Leandro & Chaves-Ávila, José Pablo & Valarezo, Orlando & Sanjab, Anibal & Olmos, Luis, 2024. "Baseline methods for distributed flexibility in power systems considering resource, market, and product characteristics," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    9. Julie Waldron & Lucelia Rodrigues & Sanchari Deb & Mark Gillott & Sophie Naylor & Chris Rimmer, 2024. "Exploring Opportunities for Vehicle-to-Grid Implementation through Demonstration Projects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-28, March.
    10. Jenn, Alan PhD & Brown, Austin PhD, 2021. "Green Charging of Electric Vehicles Under a Net-Zero Emissions Policy Transition in California," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt2rv3h345, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
    11. Qiu, Yueming Lucy & Wang, Yi David & Iseki, Hiroyuki & Shen, Xingchi & Xing, Bo & Zhang, Huiming, 2022. "Empirical grid impact of in-home electric vehicle charging differs from predictions," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    12. Lazher Mejdi & Faten Kardous & Khaled Grayaa, 2022. "Impact Analysis and Optimization of EV Charging Loads on the LV Grid: A Case Study of Workplace Parking in Tunisia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-18, September.
    13. Klimenko, V.V. & Ratner, S.V. & Tereshin, A.G., 2021. "Constraints imposed by key-material resources on renewable energy development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    14. Jenn, Alan, 2023. "Emissions of electric vehicles in California’s transition to carbon neutrality," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
    15. Connor Scott & Mominul Ahsan & Alhussein Albarbar, 2021. "Machine Learning Based Vehicle to Grid Strategy for Improving the Energy Performance of Public Buildings," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-22, April.
    16. Felipe Gonzalez & Marc Petit & Yannick Perez, 2021. "Plug-in behavior of electric vehicles users: Insights from a large-scale trial and impacts for grid integration studies," Post-Print hal-03363782, HAL.
    17. Krzysztof Zagrajek, 2021. "A Survey Data Approach for Determining the Probability Values of Vehicle-to-Grid Service Provision," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-38, November.
    18. Krzysztof Zagrajek & Mariusz Kłos & Desire D. Rasolomampionona & Mirosław Lewandowski & Karol Pawlak, 2023. "The Novel Approach of Using Electric Vehicles as a Resource to Mitigate the Negative Effects of Power Rationing on Non-Residential Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-36, December.
    19. Aziz Rachid & Hassan El Fadil & Khawla Gaouzi & Kamal Rachid & Abdellah Lassioui & Zakariae El Idrissi & Mohamed Koundi, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Charging Systems: Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-38, December.
    20. Rahmat Khezri & David Steen & Le Anh Tuan, 2024. "Willingness to Participate in Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) in Sweden, 2022—Using an Electric Vehicle’s Battery for More Than Transport," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-19, February.
    21. Krzysztof Zagrajek & Józef Paska & Łukasz Sosnowski & Konrad Gobosz & Konrad Wróblewski, 2021. "Framework for the Introduction of Vehicle-to-Grid Technology into the Polish Electricity Market," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-30, June.
    22. Agbotiname Lucky Imoize & Hope Ikoghene Obakhena & Francis Ifeanyi Anyasi & Samarendra Nath Sur, 2022. "A Review of Energy Efficiency and Power Control Schemes in Ultra-Dense Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems for Sustainable 6G Wireless Communication," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-38, September.
    23. Ioan-Sorin Sorlei & Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong & Mihai Varlam & Elena Carcadea & Mihai Culcer & Mariana Iliescu & Mircea Raceanu, 2021. "Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles—A Brief Review of Current Topologies and Energy Management Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-29, January.

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