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Improving energy flexibility of a net-zero energy house using a solar-assisted air conditioning system with thermal energy storage and demand-side management

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  • Ren, Haoshan
  • Sun, Yongjun
  • Albdoor, Ahmed K.
  • Tyagi, V.V.
  • Pandey, A.K.
  • Ma, Zhenjun

Abstract

The increasing penetration of solar energy into buildings can mitigate the great challenges of energy shortage and global warming, while the inherent intermittence of solar energy could endanger power grids. This study investigated the energy flexibility of a net-zero energy (NZE) house using a solar-assisted air conditioning system with integrated thermal energy storage (TES) and demand-side management (DSM) strategies. The main contribution is to investigate and reveal the interactions among the utilisation of solar energy, thermal energy storage, and DSM strategies, to improve building energy flexibility. A simulation system of the NZE house was first developed using TRNSYS. A total of 40 alternative designs of the solar-assisted air conditioning system with TES were formulated by exhausting the combination of the photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collectors and a phase change material TES unit, and four DSM strategies including over-heating/cooling, pre-heating/cooling, temperature set-point relaxation, and heat pump charging TES. The results showed that heat pump solar contribution (i.e. the ratio of the energy consumption provided by PV to its total energy consumption) of 0.79 was achieved by using DSM strategies. Using TES unit could further increase solar contribution to nearly 1.0. The influence of the temperature set-point relaxation and over-heating/cooling strategies on energy flexibility was negligible when the over-heating/cooling and/or heat pump charging TES were used. The 1% peak grid import was mostly contributed by the appliances when the designs with high energy flexibility were used. The findings of this study could be used to facilitate the development of NZE buildings with increased energy flexibility.

Suggested Citation

  • Ren, Haoshan & Sun, Yongjun & Albdoor, Ahmed K. & Tyagi, V.V. & Pandey, A.K. & Ma, Zhenjun, 2021. "Improving energy flexibility of a net-zero energy house using a solar-assisted air conditioning system with thermal energy storage and demand-side management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:285:y:2021:i:c:s0306261921000027
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116433
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    Cited by:

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    5. Song, Zhiying & Ji, Jie & Cai, Jingyong & Zhao, Bin & Li, Zhaomeng, 2021. "Investigation on a direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump with a novel hybrid compound parabolic concentrator/photovoltaic/fin evaporator," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 299(C).
    6. Gergely, László Zsolt & Csoknyai, Tamás & Horváth, Miklós, 2022. "Novel load matching indicators for photovoltaic system sizing and evaluation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 327(C).
    7. Maturo, Anthony & Buonomano, Annamaria & Athienitis, Andreas, 2022. "Design for energy flexibility in smart buildings through solar based and thermal storage systems: Modelling, simulation and control for the system optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    8. Jahangir Hossain & Aida. F. A. Kadir & Ainain. N. Hanafi & Hussain Shareef & Tamer Khatib & Kyairul. A. Baharin & Mohamad. F. Sulaima, 2023. "A Review on Optimal Energy Management in Commercial Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-40, February.
    9. Bampoulas, Adamantios & Pallonetto, Fabiano & Mangina, Eleni & Finn, Donal P., 2023. "A Bayesian deep-learning framework for assessing the energy flexibility of residential buildings with multicomponent energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).
    10. Zhang, Chaoyi & Jiao, Zaibin & Liu, Junshan & Ning, Keer, 2023. "Robust planning and economic analysis of park-level integrated energy system considering photovoltaic/thermal equipment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).
    11. Xiong, Chengyan & Meng, Qinglong & Wei, Ying'an & Luo, Huilong & Lei, Yu & Liu, Jiao & Yan, Xiuying, 2023. "A demand response method for an active thermal energy storage air-conditioning system using improved transactive control: On-site experiments," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
    12. Kumar, Gokula Manikandan Senthil & Cao, Sunliang, 2023. "Leveraging energy flexibilities for enhancing the cost-effectiveness and grid-responsiveness of net-zero-energy metro railway and station systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
    13. Ma, Qijie & Wang, Peijun & Fan, Jianhua & Klar, Assaf, 2022. "Underground solar energy storage via energy piles: An experimental study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PB).
    14. Han Yue & Zipeng Xu & Shangling Chu & Chao Cheng & Heng Zhang & Haiping Chen & Dengxin Ai, 2023. "Study on the Performance of Photovoltaic/Thermal Collector–Heat Pump–Absorption Chiller Tri-Generation Supply System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-26, March.
    15. Pokhrel, Sajjan & Amiri, Leyla & Zueter, Ahmad & Poncet, Sébastien & Hassani, Ferri P. & Sasmito, Agus P. & Ghoreishi-Madiseh, Seyed Ali, 2021. "Thermal performance evaluation of integrated solar-geothermal system; a semi-conjugate reduced order numerical model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
    16. Gharibvand, Hossein & Gharehpetian, G.B. & Anvari-Moghaddam, A., 2024. "A survey on microgrid flexibility resources, evaluation metrics and energy storage effects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 201(C).

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