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Development of grid-responsive buildings: Opportunities, challenges, capabilities and applications of HVAC systems in non-residential buildings in providing ancillary services by fast demand responses to smart grids

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  • Wang, Huilong
  • Wang, Shengwei
  • Tang, Rui

Abstract

Renewable electricity generations have been growing rapidly in recent years worldwide as a result of efforts to address the global energy issue. However, it has also imposed increasing challenges on the balance of power grids due to their intermittent nature. Building sector, as the largest consumer, is expected increasingly to play an important role in providing ancillary services (AS) to relieve stress and reduce the needs of investment for power balance of the smart grids. Grid-responsive building therefore becomes a worthwhile and essential feature of buildings today and in the future. This paper provides an overview of the classification, benefits, applications as well as methods/technologies for HVAC systems in non-residential buildings to provide ancillary services, as fast responses (i.e., in the magnitude of seconds or minutes) to the needs of smart grids. In addition, the challenges of applications and potential solutions are investigated and summarized. The potential capacities of HVAC systems in the entire non-residential building sector in Hong Kong for providing frequency regulation (FR) and spinning reserve are also quantified.

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  • Wang, Huilong & Wang, Shengwei & Tang, Rui, 2019. "Development of grid-responsive buildings: Opportunities, challenges, capabilities and applications of HVAC systems in non-residential buildings in providing ancillary services by fast demand responses," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C), pages 697-712.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:250:y:2019:i:c:p:697-712
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.159
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    Cited by:

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    7. Wang, Huilong & Wang, Shengwei, 2021. "A hierarchical optimal control strategy for continuous demand response of building HVAC systems to provide frequency regulation service to smart power grids," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    8. Wang, Huilong & Wang, Shengwei, 2021. "A disturbance compensation enhanced control strategy of HVAC systems for improved building indoor environment control when providing power grid frequency regulation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 1330-1342.
    9. Xie, Kang & Hui, Hongxun & Ding, Yi & Song, Yonghua & Ye, Chengjin & Zheng, Wandong & Ye, Shuiquan, 2022. "Modeling and control of central air conditionings for providing regulation services for power systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 315(C).
    10. Masoud Babaei & Ahmadreza Abazari & S. M. Muyeen, 2020. "Coordination between Demand Response Programming and Learning-Based FOPID Controller for Alleviation of Frequency Excursion of Hybrid Microgrid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-23, January.
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    13. Tang, Hong & Wang, Shengwei & Li, Hangxin, 2021. "Flexibility categorization, sources, capabilities and technologies for energy-flexible and grid-responsive buildings: State-of-the-art and future perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C).
    14. Wang, Huilong & Wang, Shengwei & Shan, Kui, 2020. "Experimental study on the dynamics, quality and impacts of using variable-speed pumps in buildings for frequency regulation of smart power grids," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    15. Wang, Huilong & Ding, Zhikun & Tang, Rui & Chen, Yongbao & Fan, Cheng & Wang, Jiayuan, 2022. "A machine learning-based control strategy for improved performance of HVAC systems in providing large capacity of frequency regulation service," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    16. Xiaoyi Zhang & Weijun Gao & Yanxue Li & Zixuan Wang & Yoshiaki Ushifusa & Yingjun Ruan, 2021. "Operational Performance and Load Flexibility Analysis of Japanese Zero Energy House," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-19, June.
    17. Ren, Haoshan & Sun, Yongjun & Albdoor, Ahmed K. & Tyagi, V.V. & Pandey, A.K. & Ma, Zhenjun, 2021. "Improving energy flexibility of a net-zero energy house using a solar-assisted air conditioning system with thermal energy storage and demand-side management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    18. Bay, Christopher J. & Chintala, Rohit & Chinde, Venkatesh & King, Jennifer, 2022. "Distributed model predictive control for coordinated, grid-interactive buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 312(C).
    19. Ding, Yan & Lyu, Yacong & Lu, Shilei & Wang, Ran, 2022. "Load shifting potential assessment of building thermal storage performance for building design," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    20. Tang, Hong & Wang, Shengwei, 2022. "Multi-level optimal dispatch strategy and profit-sharing mechanism for unlocking energy flexibilities of non-residential building clusters in electricity markets of multiple flexibility services," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(P1), pages 35-45.
    21. Samy Faddel & Guanyu Tian & Qun Zhou, 2021. "Decentralized Management of Commercial HVAC Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-18, May.
    22. Chen, Yongbao & Zhang, Lixin & Xu, Peng & Di Gangi, Alessandra, 2021. "Electricity demand response schemes in China: Pilot study and future outlook," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    23. Kumar, Gokula Manikandan Senthil & Cao, Sunliang, 2023. "Leveraging energy flexibilities for enhancing the cost-effectiveness and grid-responsiveness of net-zero-energy metro railway and station systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
    24. Baldi, Simone & Zhang, Fan & Le Quang, Thuan & Endel, Petr & Holub, Ondrej, 2019. "Passive versus active learning in operation and adaptive maintenance of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C), pages 1-1.

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