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Converting Pirates Without Cannibalizing Purchasers: The Impact of Digital Distribution on Physical Sales and Internet Piracy
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Cited by:
- Luis Aguiar & Joel Waldfogel, 2015.
"Streaming Reaches Flood Stage: Does Spotify Stimulate or Depress Music Sales?,"
NBER Working Papers
21653, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Luis Aguiar & Joel Waldfogel, 2015. "Streaming Reaches Flood Stage: Does Spotify Stimulate or Depress Music Sales?," JRC Working Papers on Digital Economy 2015-05, Joint Research Centre.
- Luis Aguiar & Jörg Claussen & Christian Peukert, 2018.
"Catch Me If You Can: Effectiveness and Consequences of Online Copyright Enforcement,"
Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 29(3), pages 656-678, September.
- Peukert, Christian & Aguiar, Luis & Claussen, Jörg, 2016. "Catch Me if You Can: Effectiveness and Consequences of Online Copyright Enforcement," VfS Annual Conference 2016 (Augsburg): Demographic Change 145490, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
- Janek Meyn & Michael Kandziora & Sönke Albers & Michel Clement, 2023. "Consequences of platforms' remuneration models for digital content: initial evidence and a research agenda for streaming services," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Springer, vol. 51(1), pages 114-131, January.
- Miguel Godinho de Matos & Pedro Ferreira & Michael D. Smith, 2018. "The Effect of Subscription Video-on-Demand on Piracy: Evidence from a Household-Level Randomized Experiment," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 64(12), pages 5610-5630, December.
- Bourreau, Marc & Doğan, Pınar & Hong, Sounman, 2015.
"Making money by giving it for free: Radiohead’s pre-release strategy for In Rainbows,"
Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 77-93.
- M. Bourreau & P. Dogan & Hong, S, "undated". "Making money by giving it for free: Radiohead's pre-release strategy for In Rainbows," Working Paper 85936, Harvard University OpenScholar.
- Marc Bourreau & Pinar Doğan & Sounman Hong, 2015. "Making money by giving it for free: Radiohead’s pre-release strategy for In Rainbows," Post-Print hal-02085284, HAL.
- Bourreau, Marc & Dogan, Pinar & Hong, Sounman, 2014. "Making Money by Giving It for Free: Radiohead's Pre-release Strategy for In Rainbows," Working Paper Series rwp14-032, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government.
- Raphaël Suire & Thierry Pénard & Sylvain Dejean, 2010.
"La gratuité est-elle une fatalité sur les marchés numériques ? Une étude sur le consentement à payer pour des offres de contenus audiovisuels sur internet,"
Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 194(3), pages 15-32.
- Sylvain Dejean & Thierry Pénard & Raphaël Suire, 2010. "La gratuité est-elle une fatalité sur les marchés numériques ? Une étude sur le consentement à payer pour des offres de contenus audiovisuels sur internet," Economie & Prévision, La Documentation Française, vol. 0(3), pages 15-32.
- Sylvain Dejean & Thierry Pénard & Raphaël Suire, 2010. "La gratuité est-elle une fatalité sur les marchés numériques ? Une étude sur le consentement à payer pour des offres de contenus audiovisuels sur internet," Post-Print hal-00965945, HAL.
- Shijie Lu & Xin (Shane) Wang & Neil Bendle, 2020. "Does Piracy Create Online Word of Mouth? An Empirical Analysis in the Movie Industry," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 66(5), pages 2140-2162, May.
- Brett Danaher & Michael D. Smith & Rahul Telang, 2014.
"Piracy and Copyright Enforcement Mechanisms,"
Innovation Policy and the Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 14(1), pages 25-61.
- Brett Danaher & Michael D. Smith & Rahul Telang, 2013. "Piracy and Copyright Enforcement Mechanisms," NBER Chapters, in: Innovation Policy and the Economy, Volume 14, pages 25-61, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Brett Danaher & Michael D. Smith & Rahul Telang, 2013. "Piracy and Copyright Enforcement Mechanisms," NBER Working Papers 19150, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Manav Raj & Arun Sundararajan & Calum You, 2020. "COVID-19 and Digital Resilience: Evidence from Uber Eats," Papers 2006.07204, arXiv.org, revised Feb 2023.
- C. Bellégo & R. De Nijs, 2015. "The redistributive effect of online piracy on the box office performance of American movies in foreign markets," Documents de Travail de l'Insee - INSEE Working Papers g2015-17, Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques.
- Burmester, Alexa B. & Eggers, Felix & Clement, Michel & Prostka, Tim, 2016. "Accepting or fighting unlicensed usage: Can firms reduce unlicensed usage by optimizing their timing and pricing strategies?," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 343-356.
- Shijie Lu & Koushyar Rajavi & Isaac Dinner, 2021. "The Effect of Over-the-Top Media Services on Piracy Search: Evidence from a Natural Experiment," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 40(3), pages 548-568, May.
- Cuntz, Alexander & Bergquist, Kyle, 2022.
"Exclusive content and platform competition in Latin America,"
Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
- Alexander Cuntz & Kyle Bergquist, 2020. "Exclusive content and platform competition in Latin America," WIPO Economic Research Working Papers 63, World Intellectual Property Organization - Economics and Statistics Division.
- repec:clr:wugarc:y:2013:v:39i:3p:405 is not listed on IDEAS
- Wojciech Hardy & Michal Krawczyk & Joanna Tyrowicz, 2015.
"Friends or foes? A meta-analysis of the link between "online piracy" and sales of cultural goods,"
Working Papers
2015-23, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw.
- Michal Krawczyk & Joanna Tyrowicz & Wojciech Hardy, 2020. "Friends or foes? A meta-analysis of the link between "online piracy" and sales of cultural goods," GRAPE Working Papers 45, GRAPE Group for Research in Applied Economics.
- Reis, Filipa & Godinho de Matos, Miguel & Ferreira, Pedro, 2024. "Controlling digital piracy via domain name system blocks: A natural experiment," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 218(C), pages 89-103.
- Lesley Chiou & Catherine Tucker, 2017.
"Content aggregation by platforms: The case of the news media,"
Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(4), pages 782-805, December.
- Lesley Chiou & Catherine Tucker, 2015. "Content Aggregation by Platforms: The Case of the News Media," NBER Working Papers 21404, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Wojciech Hardy, 2018. "Pre-release leaks as one-time incentives for switching to unauthorised sources of cultural content," IBS Working Papers 03/2018, Instytut Badan Strukturalnych.
- Tim Prostka & Michel Clement & Eva Blömeke & Frank Sambeth, 2011. "Einfluss neuer Technologien auf Angebot und Nachfrage im belletristischen Buchmarkt," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 63(7), pages 714-744, November.
- Luis Aguiar & Zhizhong Chen, 2024. "Let that Sync in: The Effect of Music Reuse on Product Discovery," CESifo Working Paper Series 11249, CESifo.
- Joëlle Farchy & Mathilde Gansemer & Jessica Petrou, 2013. "E-book and book publishing," Chapters, in: Ruth Towse & Christian Handke (ed.), Handbook on the Digital Creative Economy, chapter 31, pages 353-364, Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Aguiar, Luis & Waldfogel, Joel, 2018. "As streaming reaches flood stage, does it stimulate or depress music sales?," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 278-307.
- Hailiang Chen & Yu Jeffrey Hu & Michael D. Smith, 2019. "The Impact of E-book Distribution on Print Sales: Analysis of a Natural Experiment," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 65(1), pages 19-31, January.
- Abhishek Nagaraj, 2018. "Does Copyright Affect Reuse? Evidence from Google Books and Wikipedia," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 64(7), pages 3091-3107, July.
- Cho, Daegon & Smith, Michael D. & Telang, Rahul, 2017. "An empirical analysis of the frequency and location of concerts in the digital age," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 41-47.
- Brett Danaher & Michael D. Smith & Rahul Telang & Siwen Chen, 2014. "The Effect of Graduated Response Anti-Piracy Laws on Music Sales: Evidence from an Event Study in France," Journal of Industrial Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 62(3), pages 541-553, September.
- Byung Cho Kim & So Eun Park & Detmar W. Straub, 2022. "Pay-What-You-Want Pricing in the Digital Product Marketplace: A Feasible Alternative to Piracy Prevention?," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 33(3), pages 784-793, September.
- Danaher, Brett & Smith, Michael D., 2014. "Gone in 60 Seconds: The Impact of the Megaupload Shutdown on Movie Sales," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 1-8.
- Brett Danaher & Samita Dhanasobhon & Michael D. Smith & Rahul Telang, 2015.
"Understanding Media Markets in the Digital Age: Economics and Methodology,"
NBER Chapters, in: Economic Analysis of the Digital Economy, pages 385-406,
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Brett Danaher & Samita Dhanasobhon & Michael D. Smith & Rahul Telang, 2013. "Understanding Media Markets in the Digital Age: Economics and Methodology," NBER Working Papers 19634, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Anna Maria Bagnasco, 2012. "Economia della pirateria filmica: una ricerca esplorativa," ECONOMIA E DIRITTO DEL TERZIARIO, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2012(3), pages 433-448.
- Jonathan Dörr & Thomas Wagner & Alexander Benlian & Thomas Hess, 2013. "Music as a Service as an Alternative to Music Piracy?," Business & Information Systems Engineering: The International Journal of WIRTSCHAFTSINFORMATIK, Springer;Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. (GI), vol. 5(6), pages 383-396, December.
- Poort, Joost & Leenheer, Jorna & van der Ham, Jeroen & Dumitru, Cosmin, 2014. "Baywatch: Two approaches to measure the effects of blocking access to The Pirate Bay," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 383-392.
- Wojciech Hardy, 2020. "Consumer switching costs in a market with legal and pirate providers," IBS Working Papers 08/2020, Instytut Badan Strukturalnych.
- Michael Arnold & Eric Darmon & Sylvain Dejean & Thierry Penard, 2014.
"Graduated Response Policy and the Behavior of Digital Pirates: Evidence from the French Three-Strike (Hadopi) Law,"
Working Papers
14-07, University of Delaware, Department of Economics.
- Michael Arnold & Éric Darmon & Sylvain Dejean & Thierry Pénard, 2014. "Graduated Response Policy and the Behavior of Digital Pirates: Evidence from the French Three-strike (Hadopi) Law," Economics Working Paper Archive (University of Rennes & University of Caen) 201401, Center for Research in Economics and Management (CREM), University of Rennes, University of Caen and CNRS.
- Kannan, P.K. & Li, Hongshuang “Alice”, 2017. "Digital marketing: A framework, review and research agenda," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 22-45.
- Felipe Thomaz & Carolina Salge & Elena Karahanna & John Hulland, 2020. "Learning from the Dark Web: leveraging conversational agents in the era of hyper-privacy to enhance marketing," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Springer, vol. 48(1), pages 43-63, January.
- Paul Stepan, 2013. "Urheberrecht und Digitalisierung - Eine Zwischenbilanz," Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft - WuG, Kammer für Arbeiter und Angestellte für Wien, Abteilung Wirtschaftswissenschaft und Statistik, vol. 39(3), pages 405-420.
- Liu, Yahui & Chang, Xinyu & Yang, Shuai & Li, Zhen & Wu, Yingrong, 2024. "“Pets make you spend more!” Impact of pet ownership on consumer purchase decisions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
- Liye Ma & Alan L. Montgomery & Param Vir Singh & Michael D. Smith, 2014. "An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Pre-Release Movie Piracy on Box Office Revenue," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 25(3), pages 590-603, September.
- Smith, Michael D. & Telang, Rahul, 2010. "Piracy or promotion? The impact of broadband Internet penetration on DVD sales," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 22(4), pages 289-298, December.
- Wojciech Hardy & Michał Krawczyk & Joanna Tyrowicz, 2024.
"Internet “piracy” and book sales: a field experiment,"
Journal of the Economic Science Association, Springer;Economic Science Association, vol. 10(2), pages 457-471, December.
- Wojciech Hardy & Michal Krawczyk & Joanna Tyrowicz, 2014. "Internet piracy and book sales: A field experiment," Artefactual Field Experiments 00696, The Field Experiments Website.
- Wojciech Hardy & Michał Krawczyk & Joanna Tyrowicz, 2014. "Internet piracy and book sales: a field experiment," Working Papers 2014-23, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw.
- Ralf Dewenter & Justus Haucap & Tobias Wenzel, 2012.
"On File Sharing With Indirect Network Effects Between Concert Ticket Sales and Music Recordings,"
Journal of Media Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(3), pages 168-178, September.
- Dewenter, Ralf & Haucap, Justus & Wenzel, Tobias, 2011. "On file sharing with indirect Network effects between concert ticket sales and music recordings," DICE Discussion Papers 28, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE).
- Ratchford, Brian & Soysal, Gonca & Zentner, Alejandro & Gauri, Dinesh K., 2022. "Online and offline retailing: What we know and directions for future research," Journal of Retailing, Elsevier, vol. 98(1), pages 152-177.
- Paul Stepan, 2013. "Film," Chapters, in: Ruth Towse & Christian Handke (ed.), Handbook on the Digital Creative Economy, chapter 35, pages 399-408, Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Nie, Jiajia & Zhong, Ling & Li, Gendao & Cao, Kuo, 2022. "Piracy as an entry deterrence strategy in software market," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 298(2), pages 560-572.
- Tingting Nian & Yuheng Hu & Cheng Chen, 2021. "Examining the Impact of Television-Program-Induced Emotions on Online Word-of-Mouth Toward Television Advertising," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 32(2), pages 605-632, June.
- Atabak Mehrdar & Ting Li, 2023. "Should price cannibalization be avoided or embraced? A multimethod investigation," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 32(12), pages 3816-3836, December.
- Wlömert, Nils & Papies, Dominik, 2019. "International heterogeneity in the associations of new business models and broadband Internet with music revenue and piracy," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 400-419.
- Michele Boldrin & David K. Levine, 2013.
"The Case against Patents,"
Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 27(1), pages 3-22, Winter.
- Michele Boldrin & David K Levine, 2012. "The Case Against Patents," Levine's Working Paper Archive 786969000000000465, David K. Levine.
- Michele Boldrin & David K. Levine, 2012. "The case against patents," Working Papers 2012-035, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
- Rouven Seifert & Cord Otten & Michel Clement & Sönke Albers & Ole Kleinen, 2023. "Exclusivity strategies for digital products across digital and physical markets," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Springer, vol. 51(2), pages 245-265, March.
- Pasirayi, Simbarashe & Fennell, Patrick B., 2021. "The effect of subscription-based direct-to-consumer channel additions on firm value," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 355-366.
- Peng, Shuxia & Li, Bo & Wu, Shuang, 2023. "Presence of piracy and legal protection: Decisions in the digital goods market under different contracts," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 309(2), pages 578-596.
- Marc Bourreau & Marianne Lumeau & Francois Moreau & Jordana Viotto da Cruz, 2019. "Recent or Free? An Experimental Study of the Motivations for Pirating Movies," CESifo Working Paper Series 8036, CESifo.
- Anuj Kumar & Rahul Telang, 2012. "Does the Web Reduce Customer Service Cost? Empirical Evidence from a Call Center," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 23(3-part-1), pages 721-737, September.
- Christophe BELLEGO & Romain DE NIJS, 2020. "The Unintended Consequences of Anti-Piracy Laws on Markets with Asymmetric Piracy: The Case of the French Movie Industry," Working Papers 2020-03, Center for Research in Economics and Statistics.
- Scott Hiller, R., 2016. "Sales displacement and streaming music: Evidence from YouTube," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 16-26.
- Haris Krijestorac & Rajiv Garg & Vijay Mahajan, 2020. "Cross-Platform Spillover Effects in Consumption of Viral Content: A Quasi-Experimental Analysis Using Synthetic Controls," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 31(2), pages 449-472, June.
- Brett Danaher & Yan Huang & Michael D. Smith & Rahul Telang, 2014. "An Empirical Analysis of Digital Music Bundling Strategies," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 60(6), pages 1413-1433, June.
- Tarun Jain & Jishnu Hazra & T. C. Edwin Cheng, 2020. "Illegal Content Monitoring on Social Platforms," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 29(8), pages 1837-1857, August.
- Terrence August & Duy Dao & Hyoduk Shin, 2015. "Optimal Timing of Sequential Distribution: The Impact of Congestion Externalities and Day-and-Date Strategies," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 34(5), pages 755-774, September.
- Tobias Kretschmer & Christian Peukert, 2020.
"Video Killed the Radio Star? Online Music Videos and Recorded Music Sales,"
Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 31(3), pages 776-800, September.
- Kretschmer, Tobias & Peukert, Christian, 2019. "Video Killed the Radio Star? Online Music Videos and Recorded Music Sales," CEPR Discussion Papers 14038, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Anthony Koschmann & Douglas Bowman, 2017. "Simultaneous Estimation of Legal and Illegal Supply and Demand: The Case of Motion Pictures," International Economic Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(4), pages 555-577, October.
- Il-Horn Hann & JooHee Oh, 2017. "Combating Prerelease Piracy: Modeling the Effects of Antipiracy Measures in P2P Networks," INFORMS Journal on Computing, INFORMS, vol. 29(1), pages 92-107, February.
- Gong, Jing & Smith, Michael D. & Telang, Rahul, 2015. "Substitution or Promotion? The Impact of Price Discounts on Cross-Channel Sales of Digital Movies," Journal of Retailing, Elsevier, vol. 91(2), pages 343-357.
- Steven James Watson & Daniel John Zizzo & Piers Fleming, 2015. "Determinants of Unlawful File Sharing: A Scoping Review," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(6), pages 1-23, June.
- Malgorzata Ciesielska & Dariusz Jemielniak, 2022. "Fairness in digital sharing legal professional attitudes toward digital piracy and digital commons," Journal of the Association for Information Science & Technology, Association for Information Science & Technology, vol. 73(7), pages 899-912, July.
- Aleksandr Gritckevich & Zsolt Katona & Miklos Sarvary, 2022. "Ad Blocking," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(6), pages 4703-4724, June.
- Eyal Carmi & Gal OEstreicher-Singer & Arun Sundararajan, 2010. "Is Oprah Contagious? Identifying Demand Spillovers in Product Networks," Working Papers 10-18, NET Institute.
- Nhan, Johnny & Bowen, Kendra & Bartula, Aaron, 2020. "A comparison of a public and private university of the effects of low-cost streaming services and income on movie piracy," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
- Raoul Kübler & Rouven Seifert & Michael Kandziora, 2021. "Content valuation strategies for digital subscription platforms," Journal of Cultural Economics, Springer;The Association for Cultural Economics International, vol. 45(2), pages 295-326, June.
- Aguiar, Luis & Martens, Bertin, 2016. "Digital music consumption on the Internet: Evidence from clickstream data," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 27-43.
- Hong Luo & Julie Holland Mortimer, 2018.
"Infringing Use as a Path to Legal Consumption: Evidence from a Field Experiment,"
Boston College Working Papers in Economics
971, Boston College Department of Economics.
- Hong Luo & Julie Holland Mortimer, 2019. "Infringing Use as a Path to Legal Consumption: Evidence from a Field Experiment," NBER Working Papers 25453, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Frick, Sarah J. & Fletcher, Deborah & Smith, Austin C., 2023. "Pirate and chill: The effect of netflix on illegal streaming," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 334-347.
- Robert Seamans & Feng Zhu, 2014. "Responses to Entry in Multi-Sided Markets: The Impact of Craigslist on Local Newspapers," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 60(2), pages 476-493, February.
- Tyrowicz, Joanna & Krawczyk, Michal & Hardy, Wojciech, 2020. "Friends or foes? A meta-analysis of the relationship between “online piracy” and the sales of cultural goods," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
- Christophe Bellégo & Romain De Nijs, 2020. "The Unintended Consequences of Antipiracy Laws on Markets with Asymmetric Piracy: The Case of the French Movie Industry," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 31(4), pages 1064-1086, December.
- Wojciech Hardy & Michał Krawczyk & Joanna Tyrowicz, 2014.
"Internet piracy and book sales: a field experiment,"
Working Papers
2014-23, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw.
- Wojciech Hardy & Michal Krawczyk, 2023. "Internet piracy and book sales: a field experiment," GRAPE Working Papers 93, GRAPE Group for Research in Applied Economics.
- Wojciech Hardy & Michal Krawczyk & Joanna Tyrowicz, 2014. "Internet piracy and book sales: A field experiment," Artefactual Field Experiments 00696, The Field Experiments Website.
- Emmi Martikainen, 2014. "Does file-sharing reduce DVD sales?," Netnomics, Springer, vol. 15(1), pages 9-31, July.
- Kanazawa, Kyogo & Kawaguchi, Kohei, 2022. "Displacement effects of public libraries," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
- Anthony Koschmann & Yi Qian, 2020. "Latent Estimation of Piracy Quality and its Effect on Revenues and Distribution: The Case of Motion Pictures," NBER Working Papers 27649, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Huang, Yeu-Shiang & Huang, Wei-Jeh & Fang, Chih-Chiang, 2018. "Coordination for distribution of motion pictures in the context of piracy," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 209-225.
- Wojciech Hardy, 2022. "Brace yourselves, pirates are coming! the effects of Game of Thrones leak on TV viewership," Journal of Cultural Economics, Springer;The Association for Cultural Economics International, vol. 46(1), pages 27-55, March.
- Debabrata Dey & Antino Kim & Atanu Lahiri, 2019. "Online Piracy and the “Longer Arm” of Enforcement," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 65(3), pages 1173-1190, March.