IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/jforec/v42y2023i1p76-100.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Trading volume and realized volatility forecasting: Evidence from the China stock market

Author

Listed:
  • Min Liu
  • Wei‐Chong Choo
  • Chi‐Chuan Lee
  • Chien‐Chiang Lee

Abstract

The existing contradictory findings on the contribution of trading volume to volatility forecasting prompt us to seek new solutions to test the sequential information arrival hypothesis (SIAH). Departing from other empirical analyses that mainly focus on sophisticated testing methods, this research offers new insights into the volume‐volatility nexus by decomposing and reconstructing the trading activity into short‐run components that typically represent irregular information flow and long‐run components that denote extreme information flow in the stock market. We are the first to attempt at incorporating an improved empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method to investigate the volatility forecasting ability of trading volume along with the Heterogeneous Autoregressive (HAR) model. Previous trading volume is used to obtain the decompositions to forecast the future volatility to ensure an ex ante forecast, and both the decomposition and forecasting processes are carried out by the rolling window scheme. Rather than trading volume by itself, the results show that the reconstructed components are also able to significantly improve out‐of‐sample realized volatility (RV) forecasts. This finding is robust both in one‐step ahead and multiple‐step ahead forecasting horizons under different estimation windows. We thus fill the gap in studies by (1) extending the literature on the volume‐volatility linkage to EMD‐HAR analysis and (2) providing a clear view on how trading volume helps improve RV forecasting accuracy.

Suggested Citation

  • Min Liu & Wei‐Chong Choo & Chi‐Chuan Lee & Chien‐Chiang Lee, 2023. "Trading volume and realized volatility forecasting: Evidence from the China stock market," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 42(1), pages 76-100, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:jforec:v:42:y:2023:i:1:p:76-100
    DOI: 10.1002/for.2897
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/for.2897
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/for.2897?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Qiuling Hua & Tingfeng Jiang & Zhang Cheng, 2018. "Option pricing based on hybrid GARCH-type models with improved ensemble empirical mode decomposition," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(9), pages 1501-1515, September.
    2. Min Liu & Chien‐Chiang Lee & Wei‐Chong Choo, 2021. "An empirical study on the role of trading volume and data frequency in volatility forecasting," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(5), pages 792-816, August.
    3. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Wang, Chih-Wei, 2021. "Firms' cash reserve, financial constraint, and geopolitical risk," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    4. Asger Lunde & Peter R. Hansen, 2005. "A forecast comparison of volatility models: does anything beat a GARCH(1,1)?," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 20(7), pages 873-889.
    5. Pengfei Wang & Wei Zhang & Xiao Li & Dehua Shen, 2019. "Trading volume and return volatility of Bitcoin market: evidence for the sequential information arrival hypothesis," Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, Springer;Society for Economic Science with Heterogeneous Interacting Agents, vol. 14(2), pages 377-418, June.
    6. Le, Van & Zurbruegg, Ralf, 2010. "The role of trading volume in volatility forecasting," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 20(5), pages 533-555, December.
    7. Foster, F Douglas & Viswanathan, S, 1990. "A Theory of the Interday Variations in Volume, Variance, and Trading Costs in Securities Markets," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 3(4), pages 593-624.
    8. Yang, Ke & Tian, Fengping & Chen, Langnan & Li, Steven, 2017. "Realized volatility forecast of agricultural futures using the HAR models with bagging and combination approaches," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 276-291.
    9. Beaver, Wh, 1968. "Information Content Of Annual Earnings Announcements," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 6, pages 67-92.
    10. Andrew J. Patton & Kevin Sheppard, 2015. "Good Volatility, Bad Volatility: Signed Jumps and The Persistence of Volatility," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 97(3), pages 683-697, July.
    11. Liu, Guangqiang & Wei, Yu & Chen, Yongfei & Yu, Jiang & Hu, Yang, 2018. "Forecasting the value-at-risk of Chinese stock market using the HARQ model and extreme value theory," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 499(C), pages 288-297.
    12. Tauchen, George E & Pitts, Mark, 1983. "The Price Variability-Volume Relationship on Speculative Markets," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 51(2), pages 485-505, March.
    13. Su, Dongwei & Fleisher, Belton M., 1999. "Why does return volatility differ in Chinese stock markets?," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 7(5), pages 557-586, December.
    14. Chun Liu & John M. Maheu, 2009. "Forecasting realized volatility: a Bayesian model-averaging approach," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 24(5), pages 709-733.
    15. Zhang, Xun & Lai, K.K. & Wang, Shou-Yang, 2008. "A new approach for crude oil price analysis based on Empirical Mode Decomposition," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(3), pages 905-918, May.
    16. Cao, Jian & Li, Zhi & Li, Jian, 2019. "Financial time series forecasting model based on CEEMDAN and LSTM," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 519(C), pages 127-139.
    17. Tian, Fengping & Yang, Ke & Chen, Langnan, 2017. "Realized volatility forecasting of agricultural commodity futures using the HAR model with time-varying sparsity," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 33(1), pages 132-152.
    18. Scharth, Marcel & Medeiros, Marcelo C., 2009. "Asymmetric effects and long memory in the volatility of Dow Jones stocks," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 25(2), pages 304-327.
    19. Francesco Audrino & Simon D. Knaus, 2016. "Lassoing the HAR Model: A Model Selection Perspective on Realized Volatility Dynamics," Econometric Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(8-10), pages 1485-1521, December.
    20. Bekaert, Geert & Hoerova, Marie, 2014. "The VIX, the variance premium and stock market volatility," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 183(2), pages 181-192.
    21. Karpoff, Jonathan M., 1987. "The Relation between Price Changes and Trading Volume: A Survey," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 22(1), pages 109-126, March.
    22. Zhang, Xun & Yu, Lean & Wang, Shouyang & Lai, Kin Keung, 2009. "Estimating the impact of extreme events on crude oil price: An EMD-based event analysis method," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(5), pages 768-778, September.
    23. Peter R. Hansen & Asger Lunde & James M. Nason, 2011. "The Model Confidence Set," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 79(2), pages 453-497, March.
    24. Zhou, Zhongbao & Lin, Ling & Li, Shuxian, 2018. "International stock market contagion: A CEEMDAN wavelet analysis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 333-352.
    25. Girardin, Eric & Joyeux, Roselyne, 2013. "Macro fundamentals as a source of stock market volatility in China: A GARCH-MIDAS approach," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 59-68.
    26. Muller, Ulrich A. & Dacorogna, Michel M. & Dave, Rakhal D. & Olsen, Richard B. & Pictet, Olivier V. & von Weizsacker, Jacob E., 1997. "Volatilities of different time resolutions -- Analyzing the dynamics of market components," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 4(2-3), pages 213-239, June.
    27. Tianyi Wang & Zhuo Huang, 2012. "The Relationship between Volatility and Trading Volume in the Chinese Stock Market: A Volatility Decomposition Perspective," Annals of Economics and Finance, Society for AEF, vol. 13(1), pages 211-236, May.
    28. Glosten, Lawrence R. & Milgrom, Paul R., 1985. "Bid, ask and transaction prices in a specialist market with heterogeneously informed traders," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 71-100, March.
    29. Tseng-Chan Tseng & Hung-Cheng Lai & Cha-Fei Lin, 2012. "The impact of overnight returns on realized volatility," Applied Financial Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(5), pages 357-364, March.
    30. Souček, Michael & Todorova, Neda, 2013. "Realized volatility transmission between crude oil and equity futures markets: A multivariate HAR approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 586-597.
    31. Shen, Jim Huangnan & Long, Zhiming & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Zhang, Jun, 2022. "Comparative advantage, endowment structure, and trade imbalances," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 365-375.
    32. Lopez, Jose A, 2001. "Evaluating the Predictive Accuracy of Volatility Models," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 20(2), pages 87-109, March.
    33. Fengping Tian & Ke Yang & Langnan Chen, 2017. "Realized Volatility Forecasting of Agricultural Commodity Futures Using Long Memory and Regime Switching," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 36(4), pages 421-430, July.
    34. Andersen, Torben G & Bollerslev, Tim, 1998. "Answering the Skeptics: Yes, Standard Volatility Models Do Provide Accurate Forecasts," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 39(4), pages 885-905, November.
    35. Busch, Thomas & Christensen, Bent Jesper & Nielsen, Morten Ørregaard, 2011. "The role of implied volatility in forecasting future realized volatility and jumps in foreign exchange, stock, and bond markets," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 160(1), pages 48-57, January.
    36. R. Glen Donaldson & Mark J. Kamstra, 2005. "Volatility Forecasts, Trading Volume, And The Arch Versus Option‐Implied Volatility Trade‐Off," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 28(4), pages 519-538, December.
    37. Bwo-Nung Huang & Chi-Chuan Lee & Yu-Fang Chang & Chien-Chiang Lee, 2021. "Dynamic linkage between oil prices and exchange rates: new global evidence," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 61(2), pages 719-742, August.
    38. Lee, Chi-Chuan & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Xiao, Shunyi, 2021. "Policy-related risk and corporate financing behavior: Evidence from China’s listed companies," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 539-547.
    39. Wang, Chih-Wei & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Chen, Ming-Chien, 2022. "The effects of economic policy uncertainty and country governance on banks' liquidity creation: International evidence," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    40. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Chen, Mei-Ping, 2020. "Do natural disasters and geopolitical risks matter for cross-border country exchange-traded fund returns?," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    41. Lamoureux, Christopher G & Lastrapes, William D, 1990. "Heteroskedasticity in Stock Return Data: Volume versus GARCH Effects," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 45(1), pages 221-229, March.
    42. Chortareas, Georgios & Jiang, Ying & Nankervis, John. C., 2011. "Forecasting exchange rate volatility using high-frequency data: Is the euro different?," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 27(4), pages 1089-1107, October.
    43. Athanasia Gavala & Nikolay Gospodinov & Deming Jiang, 2006. "Forecasting volatility," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 25(6), pages 381-400.
    44. Gita Persand & Chris Brooks, 2003. "Volatility forecasting for risk management," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 22(1), pages 1-22.
    45. Thomas C. Chiang & Zhuo Qiao & Wing-Keung Wong, 2010. "New evidence on the relation between return volatility and trading volume," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(5), pages 502-515.
    46. Chiu, Yi-Bin & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2020. "Effects of financial development on energy consumption: The role of country risks," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    47. Ser-Huang Poon & Clive W.J. Granger, 2003. "Forecasting Volatility in Financial Markets: A Review," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 41(2), pages 478-539, June.
    48. Bollerslev, Tim & Patton, Andrew J. & Quaedvlieg, Rogier, 2016. "Exploiting the errors: A simple approach for improved volatility forecasting," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 192(1), pages 1-18.
    49. Wu, Yizhong & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Lee, Chi-Chuan & Peng, Diyun, 2022. "Geographic proximity and corporate investment efficiency: Evidence from high-speed rail construction in China," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    50. Mauro Bernardi & Leopoldo Catania, 2018. "The model confidence set package for R," International Journal of Computational Economics and Econometrics, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 8(2), pages 144-158.
    51. Liu, Min & Taylor, James W. & Choo, Wei-Chong, 2020. "Further empirical evidence on the forecasting of volatility with smooth transition exponential smoothing," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 651-659.
    52. Slim, Skander & Dahmene, Meriam, 2016. "Asymmetric information, volatility components and the volume–volatility relationship for the CAC40 stocks," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 70-84.
    53. Kao, Yu-Sheng & Chuang, Hwei-Lin & Ku, Yu-Cheng, 2020. "The empirical linkages among market returns, return volatility, and trading volume: Evidence from the S&P 500 VIX Futures," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    54. Yaw‐Huei Wang & Yun‐Yi Wang, 2016. "The Information Content of Intraday Implied Volatility for Volatility Forecasting," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 35(2), pages 167-178, March.
    55. Patton, Andrew J., 2011. "Volatility forecast comparison using imperfect volatility proxies," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 160(1), pages 246-256, January.
    56. Wang Pu & Yixiang Chen & Feng Ma, 2016. "Forecasting the realized volatility in the Chinese stock market: further evidence," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(33), pages 3116-3130, July.
    57. Clark, Peter K, 1973. "A Subordinated Stochastic Process Model with Finite Variance for Speculative Prices," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 41(1), pages 135-155, January.
    58. Bouri, Elie & Lau, Chi Keung Marco & Lucey, Brian & Roubaud, David, 2019. "Trading volume and the predictability of return and volatility in the cryptocurrency market," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 340-346.
    59. Bamber, Ls, 1986. "The Information-Content Of Annual Earnings Releases - A Trading Volume Approach," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(1), pages 40-56.
    60. Liu, Min & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2022. "Is gold a long-run hedge, diversifier, or safe haven for oil? Empirical evidence based on DCC-MIDAS," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    61. Wang, Xunxiao & Wu, Chongfeng & Xu, Weidong, 2015. "Volatility forecasting: The role of lunch-break returns, overnight returns, trading volume and leverage effects," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 31(3), pages 609-619.
    62. Lin, Tiantian & Liu, Dehong & Zhang, Lili & Lung, Peter, 2019. "The information content of realized volatility of sector indices in China’s stock market," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 625-640.
    63. Merton, Robert C., 1980. "On estimating the expected return on the market : An exploratory investigation," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 8(4), pages 323-361, December.
    64. Chuang, Wen-I & Liu, Hsiang-Hsi & Susmel, Rauli, 2012. "The bivariate GARCH approach to investigating the relation between stock returns, trading volume, and return volatility," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 1-15.
    65. Lee, Oesook, 2014. "The functional central limit theorem and structural change test for the HAR(∞) model," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 124(3), pages 370-373.
    66. Tseng, Tseng-Chan & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Chen, Mei-Ping, 2015. "Volatility forecast of country ETF: The sequential information arrival hypothesis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 228-234.
    67. Waël Louhichi, 2011. "What drives the volume-volatility relationship on Euronext Paris?," Post-Print halshs-00601370, HAL.
    68. Anders Wilhelmsson, 2006. "Garch forecasting performance under different distribution assumptions," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 25(8), pages 561-578.
    69. Lee, Chi-Chuan & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Li, Yong-Yi, 2021. "Oil price shocks, geopolitical risks, and green bond market dynamics," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    70. Lin, Yu & Yan, Yan & Xu, Jiali & Liao, Ying & Ma, Feng, 2021. "Forecasting stock index price using the CEEMDAN-LSTM model," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    71. Louhichi, Waël, 2011. "What drives the volume-volatility relationship on Euronext Paris?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 20(4), pages 200-206, August.
    72. Copeland, Thomas E, 1976. "A Model of Asset Trading under the Assumption of Sequential Information Arrival," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 31(4), pages 1149-1168, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Min Liu & Chien‐Chiang Lee & Wei‐Chong Choo, 2021. "An empirical study on the role of trading volume and data frequency in volatility forecasting," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(5), pages 792-816, August.
    2. Liu, Min, 2022. "The driving forces of green bond market volatility and the response of the market to the COVID-19 pandemic," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 288-309.
    3. Liu, Min & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2021. "Capturing the dynamics of the China crude oil futures: Markov switching, co-movement, and volatility forecasting," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    4. Dimos Kambouroudis & David McMillan & Katerina Tsakou, 2019. "Forecasting Realized Volatility: The role of implied volatility, leverage effect, overnight returns and volatility of realized volatility," Working Papers 2019-03, Swansea University, School of Management.
    5. Maki, Daiki, 2024. "Asymmetric effect of trading volume on realized volatility," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    6. Koubaa, Yosra & Slim, Skander, 2019. "The relationship between trading activity and stock market volatility: Does the volume threshold matter?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 168-184.
    7. Dimos S. Kambouroudis & David G. McMillan & Katerina Tsakou, 2021. "Forecasting realized volatility: The role of implied volatility, leverage effect, overnight returns, and volatility of realized volatility," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(10), pages 1618-1639, October.
    8. Danyan Wen & Mengxi He & Yaojie Zhang & Yudong Wang, 2022. "Forecasting realized volatility of Chinese stock market: A simple but efficient truncated approach," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(2), pages 230-251, March.
    9. Chen, Yixiang & Ma, Feng & Zhang, Yaojie, 2019. "Good, bad cojumps and volatility forecasting: New evidence from crude oil and the U.S. stock markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 52-62.
    10. Yamani, Ehab, 2023. "Return–volume nexus in financial markets: A survey of research," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    11. repec:uts:finphd:39 is not listed on IDEAS
    12. Slim, Skander & Dahmene, Meriam, 2016. "Asymmetric information, volatility components and the volume–volatility relationship for the CAC40 stocks," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 70-84.
    13. Karaa, Rabaa & Slim, Skander & Hmaied, Dorra Mezzez, 2018. "Trading intensity and the volume-volatility relationship on the Tunis Stock Exchange," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 88-99.
    14. Wang, Lu & Ma, Feng & Liu, Jing & Yang, Lin, 2020. "Forecasting stock price volatility: New evidence from the GARCH-MIDAS model," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 684-694.
    15. Ma, Feng & Wahab, M.I.M. & Zhang, Yaojie, 2019. "Forecasting the U.S. stock volatility: An aligned jump index from G7 stock markets," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 132-146.
    16. Taylor, Nicholas, 2008. "Can idiosyncratic volatility help forecast stock market volatility?," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 24(3), pages 462-479.
    17. repec:uts:finphd:38 is not listed on IDEAS
    18. Lyócsa, Štefan & Plíhal, Tomáš & Výrost, Tomáš, 2021. "FX market volatility modelling: Can we use low-frequency data?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 40(C).
    19. Hassanniakalager, Arman & Baker, Paul L. & Platanakis, Emmanouil, 2024. "A False Discovery Rate approach to optimal volatility forecasting model selection," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 40(3), pages 881-902.
    20. Ma, Feng & Wahab, M.I.M. & Huang, Dengshi & Xu, Weiju, 2017. "Forecasting the realized volatility of the oil futures market: A regime switching approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 136-145.
    21. Liu, Jing & Ma, Feng & Yang, Ke & Zhang, Yaojie, 2018. "Forecasting the oil futures price volatility: Large jumps and small jumps," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 321-330.
    22. Go, You-How & Lau, Wee-Yeap, 2020. "The impact of global financial crisis on informational efficiency: Evidence from price-volume relation in crude palm oil futures market," Journal of Commodity Markets, Elsevier, vol. 17(C).

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:jforec:v:42:y:2023:i:1:p:76-100. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/2966 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.