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Defining megathrust tsunami source scenarios for northernmost Cascadia

Author

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  • Dawei Gao

    (University of Victoria)

  • Kelin Wang

    (University of Victoria
    Geological Survey of Canada)

  • Tania L. Insua

    (University of Victoria)

  • Matthew Sypus

    (University of Victoria)

  • Michael Riedel

    (GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research)

  • Tianhaozhe Sun

    (Pennsylvania State University)

Abstract

For assessing tsunami hazard in northernmost Cascadia, there is an urgent need to define tsunami sources due to megathrust rupture. Even though the knowledge of Cascadia fault structure and rupture behaviour is limited at present, geologically and mechanically plausible scenarios can still be designed. In this work, we use three-dimensional dislocation modelling to construct three types of rupture scenarios and illustrate their effects on tsunami generation and propagation. The first type, buried rupture, is a classical model based on the assumption of coseismic strengthening of the shallowest part of the fault. In the second type, splay-faulting rupture, fault slip is diverted to a main splay fault, enhancing seafloor uplift. Although the presence or absence of such a main splay fault is not yet confirmed by structural observations, this scenario cannot be excluded from hazard assessment. In the third type, trench-breaching rupture, slip extends to the deformation front and breaks the seafloor by activating a frontal thrust. The model frontal thrust, based on information extracted from multichannel seismic data, is hypothetically continuous along strike. Our low-resolution tsunami simulation indicates that, compared to the buried rupture, coastal wave surface elevation generated by the splay-faulting rupture is generally 50–100% higher, but that by trench-breaching rupture is slightly lower, especially if slip of the frontal thrust is large (e.g. 100% of peak slip). Wave elevation in the trench-breaching scenario depends on a trade-off between enhanced short-wavelength seafloor uplift over the frontal thrust and reduced uplift over a broader area farther landward.

Suggested Citation

  • Dawei Gao & Kelin Wang & Tania L. Insua & Matthew Sypus & Michael Riedel & Tianhaozhe Sun, 2018. "Defining megathrust tsunami source scenarios for northernmost Cascadia," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 94(1), pages 445-469, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:spr:nathaz:v:94:y:2018:i:1:d:10.1007_s11069-018-3397-6
    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-018-3397-6
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tianhaozhe Sun & Kelin Wang & Toshiya Fujiwara & Shuichi Kodaira & Jiangheng He, 2017. "Large fault slip peaking at trench in the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 8(1), pages 1-8, April.
    2. George Priest & Chris Goldfinger & Kelin Wang & Robert Witter & Yinglong Zhang & António Baptista, 2010. "Confidence levels for tsunami-inundation limits in northern Oregon inferred from a 10,000-year history of great earthquakes at the Cascadia subduction zone," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 54(1), pages 27-73, July.
    3. Hiroyuki Noda & Nadia Lapusta, 2013. "Stable creeping fault segments can become destructive as a result of dynamic weakening," Nature, Nature, vol. 493(7433), pages 518-521, January.
    4. G. Di Toro & R. Han & T. Hirose & N. De Paola & S. Nielsen & K. Mizoguchi & F. Ferri & M. Cocco & T. Shimamoto, 2011. "Fault lubrication during earthquakes," Nature, Nature, vol. 471(7339), pages 494-498, March.
    5. George Priest & Yinglong Zhang & Robert Witter & Kelin Wang & Chris Goldfinger & Laura Stimely, 2014. "Tsunami impact to Washington and northern Oregon from segment ruptures on the southern Cascadia subduction zone," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 72(2), pages 849-870, June.
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