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From Motherhood Premium to Motherhood Penalty? Heterogeneous Effects of Motherhood Stages on Women’s Economic Outcomes in Urban China

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  • Menghan Zhao

    (Renmin University of China)

Abstract

Chinese women have reached a high level of labor force participation before China’s deepening economic reform starting from the early 1990s, while women’s deteriorating position in the labor market has been documented in recent literature. However, few studies connect the relationship between the presence of children at different ages and women’s labor market outcomes. Capitalizing on longitudinal data, this study uses a person-fixed-effects model to investigate the relationship between motherhood stages and women’s economic outcomes in urban China. It takes into consideration the impact of children at various ages, as well as the impact of growth in local economies. We find that very young children inhibit mothers’ employment, but the presence of school-aged children is positively correlated with mothers’ income. Our analysis further suggests that, with the development of local economies, the negative association of very young children and women’s labor activity is exacerbated, while the positive relationship between school-aged children and mothers’ income is weakened. Our findings also contribute to the literature on labor market institutions, gender-role ideologies, and the impact on women’s economic outcomes as they balance work with childrearing obligations.

Suggested Citation

  • Menghan Zhao, 2018. "From Motherhood Premium to Motherhood Penalty? Heterogeneous Effects of Motherhood Stages on Women’s Economic Outcomes in Urban China," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 37(6), pages 967-1002, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:poprpr:v:37:y:2018:i:6:d:10.1007_s11113-018-9494-0
    DOI: 10.1007/s11113-018-9494-0
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    Cited by:

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    2. Jingyue Zhang, 2020. "Influence of Parenting Costs on Second-Child Fertility Anxiety Among Adults of Childbearing Age in China: The Moderating Role of Gender," SAGE Open, , vol. 10(2), pages 21582440209, May.
    3. Menghan Zhao & Weijie Gao & Youlang Zhang, 2022. "Not your destiny: Autonomy in marriage choices and the intergenerational transmission of domestic violence among Chinese women," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 103(2), pages 328-345, March.
    4. Jingyue Zhang & Yipeng Tian, 2019. "Housework Division and Second-Child Fertility Anxiety among Couples in China: The Urban and Rural Differences," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-14, October.
    5. Jeffrey H. Cohen & Natalia Zotova, 2021. "Rethinking remittance: The socioeconomic dynamics of giving for migrants and nonmigrants," Economic Anthropology, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 8(2), pages 300-310, June.
    6. Shichao Du, 2023. "Childbearing Risk, Job Sectors, and the Motherhood Wage Penalty," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 42(2), pages 1-19, April.

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