IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i17p10546-d896298.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

CAP Direct Payments and Economic Resilience of Agriculture: Impact Assessment

Author

Listed:
  • Agnė Žičkienė

    (Lithuanian Centre for Social Sciences, Institute of Economics and Rural Development, Vivulskio str. 4A-13, 03220 Vilnius, Lithuania)

  • Rasa Melnikienė

    (Lithuanian Centre for Social Sciences, Institute of Economics and Rural Development, Vivulskio str. 4A-13, 03220 Vilnius, Lithuania)

  • Mangirdas Morkūnas

    (Lithuanian Centre for Social Sciences, Institute of Economics and Rural Development, Vivulskio str. 4A-13, 03220 Vilnius, Lithuania)

  • Artiom Volkov

    (Lithuanian Centre for Social Sciences, Institute of Economics and Rural Development, Vivulskio str. 4A-13, 03220 Vilnius, Lithuania)

Abstract

This study presents an innovative approach to measuring the impact of EU CAP direct payments on the economic resilience of agriculture at a sectoral level. The construct of resilience is approached from the perspective of the resilience of the main functions of the sector. The overall level of direct payments impact on sectoral economic resilience is seen as a weighted sum of the payments’ impact on the resilience of the main economic functions of the sector. Such an approach, allowing for a comprehensive estimate of subsidy impact on the most essential areas of agriculture, is universal and can be adapted to measure economic resilience of other economic sectors. For the empirical application we used panel data from 27 EU countries over the period 2005–2019. The results revealed that the overall impact of direct payments on the economic resilience of agriculture across EU-27 was positive. However, the influence of the payments on different key functions of the sector diverged. The most evident and alarming negative changes in the economic resilience levels were observed in terms of efficiency of farms. Negative impact on separate indicators may pose a risk that the influence of direct payments on economic resilience of agriculture may not be sustainable in the longer run.

Suggested Citation

  • Agnė Žičkienė & Rasa Melnikienė & Mangirdas Morkūnas & Artiom Volkov, 2022. "CAP Direct Payments and Economic Resilience of Agriculture: Impact Assessment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-24, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:17:p:10546-:d:896298
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/17/10546/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/17/10546/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kryszak, Łukasz & Matuszczak, Anna, 2019. "Determinants of Farm Income in The European Union in New and Old Member States. A Regional Study," Roczniki (Annals), Polish Association of Agricultural Economists and Agribusiness - Stowarzyszenie Ekonomistow Rolnictwa e Agrobiznesu (SERiA), vol. 2019(3).
    2. Erika Quendler & Mangirdas Morkūnas, 2020. "The Economic Resilience of the Austrian Agriculture since the EU Accession," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-20, October.
    3. Jeffrey M. Wooldridge, 2001. "Applications of Generalized Method of Moments Estimation," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 15(4), pages 87-100, Fall.
    4. Justin Doran & Bernard Fingleton, 2018. "US Metropolitan Area Resilience: Insights from dynamic spatial panel estimation," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 50(1), pages 111-132, February.
    5. Jaclyn D. Kropp & Ani L. Katchova, 2011. "The effects of direct payments on liquidity and repayment capacity of beginning farmers," Agricultural Finance Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 71(3), pages 347-365, November.
    6. Petrick, Martin & Zier, Patrick, 2012. "Common Agricultural Policy effects on dynamic labour use in agriculture," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(6), pages 671-678.
    7. Matsushita, Kyohei & Yamane, Fumihiro & Asano, Kota, 2016. "Linkage between crop diversity and agro-ecosystem resilience: Nonmonotonic agricultural response under alternate regimes," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 23-31.
    8. Garrone, Maria & Emmers, Dorien & Olper, Alessandro & Swinnen, Johan, 2019. "Jobs and agricultural policy: Impact of the common agricultural policy on EU agricultural employment," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 1-1.
    9. Matej Opatrny, 2018. "The Impact of Agricultural Subsidies on Farm Production: A Synthetic Control Method Approach," Working Papers IES 2018/31, Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Economic Studies, revised Oct 2018.
    10. Ron Boschma, 2015. "Towards an Evolutionary Perspective on Regional Resilience," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(5), pages 733-751, May.
    11. Ferjani, Ali, 2009. "The Relationship between Direct Payments and Efficiency on Swiss Farms," Agricultural Economics Review, Greek Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 9(1), pages 1-10.
    12. Laure Latruffe & Yann Desjeux, 2016. "Common Agricultural Policy support, technical efficiencyand productivity change in French agriculture," Review of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Studies, INRA Department of Economics, vol. 97(1), pages 15-28.
    13. Yolanda Ubago Martínez & Ignacio García‐Lautre & Belén Iraizoz & Pedro Pascual, 2019. "Why are some Spanish regions more resilient than others?," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 98(6), pages 2211-2231, December.
    14. Phoebe Koundouri & Marita Laukkanen & Sami Myyrä & Céline Nauges, 2009. "The effects of EU agricultural policy changes on farmers' risk attitudes," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 36(1), pages 53-77, March.
    15. Alston, Julian M. & James, Jennifer S., 2002. "The incidence of agricultural policy," Handbook of Agricultural Economics, in: B. L. Gardner & G. C. Rausser (ed.), Handbook of Agricultural Economics, edition 1, volume 2, chapter 33, pages 1689-1749, Elsevier.
    16. Minviel, Jean Joseph & De Witte, Kristof, 2017. "The influence of public subsidies on farm technical efficiency: A robust conditional nonparametric approach," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 259(3), pages 1112-1120.
    17. Konstadinos Mattas & Efstratios Loizou, 2017. "The CAP as a Job Stabiliser," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 16(3), pages 23-26, December.
    18. Ciaian, Pavel & Espinosa, Maria & Louhichi, Kamel & Perni, Angel & Gomez y Paloma, Sergio, 2018. "Farm level impacts of abolishing the CAP direct payments: An assessment using the IFM-CAP model," 162nd Seminar, April 26-27, 2018, Budapest, Hungary 272087, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    19. Birthal, Pratap S. & Hazrana, Jaweriah, 2019. "Crop diversification and resilience of agriculture to climatic shocks: Evidence from India," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 345-354.
    20. Andrius Kazukauskas & Carol Newman & Johannes Sauer, 2014. "The impact of decoupled subsidies on productivity in agriculture: a cross-country analysis using microdata," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 45(3), pages 327-336, May.
    21. Devadoss, Stephen & Gibson, Mark J. & Luckstead, Jeff, 2016. "The Impact of Agricultural Subsidies on the Corn Market with Farm Heterogeneity and Endogenous Entry and Exit," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 41(3), pages 1-20, September.
    22. Jerzy Michalek & Pavel Ciaian & d’Artis Kancs, 2014. "Capitalization of the Single Payment Scheme into Land Value: Generalized Propensity Score Evidence from the European Union," Land Economics, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 90(2), pages 260-289.
    23. Krzysztof Piotr Pawłowski & Wawrzyniec Czubak & Jagoda Zmyślona & Arkadiusz Sadowski, 2021. "Overinvestment in selected Central and Eastern European countries: Production and economic effects," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(5), pages 1-23, May.
    24. S. Severini & A. Tantari & G. Di Tommaso, 2016. "Do CAP direct payments stabilise farm income? Empirical evidences from a constant sample of Italian farms," Agricultural and Food Economics, Springer;Italian Society of Agricultural Economics (SIDEA), vol. 4(1), pages 1-17, December.
    25. Kehinde Oluseyi Olagunju & Myles Patton & Siyi Feng, 2020. "Estimating the Impact of Decoupled Payments on Farm Production in Northern Ireland: An Instrumental Variable Fixed Effect Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-17, April.
    26. Bruno S. Frey & Reto Jegen, 2000. "Motivation Crowding Theory: A Survey of Empirical Evidence," CESifo Working Paper Series 245, CESifo.
    27. Vigani, M. & Berry, R., 2018. "Farm economic resilience, land diversity and environmental uncertainty," 2018 Conference, July 28-August 2, 2018, Vancouver, British Columbia 276979, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    28. Jaakko Simonen & Johannes Herala & Rauli Svento, 2020. "Creative destruction and creative resilience: Restructuring of the Nokia dominated high‐tech sector in the Oulu region," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 12(5), pages 931-953, October.
    29. Kaditi, Eleni, 2013. "The Impact of CAP Reforms on Farm Labour Structure," Factor Markets Working Papers 177, Centre for European Policy Studies.
    30. Sébastien Mary, 2013. "Assessing the Impacts of Pillar 1 and 2 Subsidies on TFP in French Crop Farms," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 64(1), pages 133-144, February.
    31. Jean Joseph Minviel & Laure Latruffe, 2017. "Effect of public subsidies on farm technical efficiency: a meta-analysis of empirical results," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(2), pages 213-226, January.
    32. David A. Hennessy, 1998. "The Production Effects of Agricultural Income Support Policies under Uncertainty," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 80(1), pages 46-57.
    33. Alexandru Bănică & Karima Kourtit & Peter Nijkamp, 2020. "Natural disasters as a development opportunity: a spatial economic resilience interpretation," Review of Regional Research: Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft, Springer;Gesellschaft für Regionalforschung (GfR), vol. 40(2), pages 223-249, October.
    34. Enjolras, Geoffroy & Capitanio, Fabian & Aubert, Magali & Adinolfi, Felice, 2012. "Direct payments, crop insurance and the volatility of farm income. Some evidence in France and in Italy," 123rd Seminar, February 23-24, 2012, Dublin, Ireland 122478, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    35. O’Toole, Conor & Hennessy, Thia, 2015. "Do decoupled payments affect investment financing constraints? Evidence from Irish agriculture," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 67-75.
    36. Castañeda-Vera, Alba & Garrido, Alberto, 2017. "Evaluation of risk management tools for stabilising farm income under CAP 2014-2020," Economia Agraria y Recursos Naturales, Spanish Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 17(01), June.
    37. Vladimir V. Klimanov & Sofia M. Kazakova & Anna A. Mikhaylova, 2020. "Economic and Fiscal Resilience of Russia's Regions," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 12(4), pages 627-640, August.
    38. Angeon, Valérie & Bates, Samuel, 2015. "Reviewing Composite Vulnerability and Resilience Indexes: A Sustainable Approach and Application," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 140-162.
    39. Tomas Baležentis & Aistė Galnaitytė & Irena Kriščiukaitienė & Virginia Namiotko & Lina Novickytė & Dalia Streimikiene & Rasa Melnikiene, 2019. "Decomposing Dynamics in the Farm Profitability: An Application of Index Decomposition Analysis to Lithuanian FADN Sample," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-15, May.
    40. Edward Knapp & Jason Loughrey, 2017. "The single farm payment and income risk in Irish farms 2005–2013," Agricultural and Food Economics, Springer;Italian Society of Agricultural Economics (SIDEA), vol. 5(1), pages 1-15, December.
    41. Kaditi, Eleni A., 2013. "The Impact of CAP Reforms on Farm Labour Structure," Working papers 157914, Factor Markets, Centre for European Policy Studies.
    42. Thorsøe, Martin & Noe, Egon & Maye, Damian & Vigani, Mauro & Kirwan, James & Chiswell, Hannah & Grivins, Mikelis & Adamsone-Fiskovica, Anda & Tisenkopfs, Talis & Tsakalou, Emi & Aubert, Pierre-Marie &, 2020. "Responding to change: Farming system resilience in a liberalized and volatile European dairy market," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    43. Kamil Serto lu & Sevin Ugural & Festus Victor Bekun, 2017. "The Contribution of Agricultural Sector on Economic Growth of Nigeria," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 7(1), pages 547-552.
    44. Szerletics, Ákos, 2018. "Degressivity, capping and European farm structure: New evidence from Hungary," Studies in Agricultural Economics, Research Institute for Agricultural Economics, vol. 120(2), August.
    45. Klaas Fröhlich & Robert Hassink, 2018. "Regional resilience: a stretched concept?," European Planning Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(9), pages 1763-1778, September.
    46. Anastasios Kitsos & Paul Bishop, 2018. "Economic resilience in Great Britain: the crisis impact and its determining factors for local authority districts," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 60(2), pages 329-347, March.
    47. Mangirdas Morkunas & Povilas Labukas, 2020. "The Evaluation of Negative Factors of Direct Payments under Common Agricultural Policy from a Viewpoint of Sustainability of Rural Regions of the New EU Member States: Evidence from Lithuania," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-14, June.
    48. Ron Martin & Peter Sunley, 2015. "On the notion of regional economic resilience: conceptualization and explanation," Journal of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, vol. 15(1), pages 1-42.
    49. Dupraz, Pierre & Latruffe, Laure & Mann, Stefan, 2010. "Trends in family, hired and contract labour use on French and Swiss crop farms: The role of agricultural policies," Working Papers 210392, Institut National de la recherche Agronomique (INRA), Departement Sciences Sociales, Agriculture et Alimentation, Espace et Environnement (SAE2).
    50. von Witzke, Harald & Noleppa, Steffen & Schwarz, Gerald, 2010. "Decoupled Payments to EU Farmers, Production, and Trade: An Economic Analysis for Germany," Working Paper Series 59853, Humboldt University Berlin, Department of Agricultural Economics.
    51. Bartolini, Fabio & Brunori, Gianluca & Coli, Alessandra & Landi, Chiara & Pacini, Barbara, 2015. "Assessing the Causal Effect of Decoupled Payments on farm labour in Tuscany Using Propensity Score Methods," 2015 Conference, August 9-14, 2015, Milan, Italy 211200, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    52. Ivana Kravčáková Vozárová & Rastislav Kotulič & Roman Vavrek, 2020. "Assessing Impacts of CAP Subsidies on Financial Performance of Enterprises in Slovak Republic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-18, January.
    53. Gunnar Breustedt & Hendrik Habermann, 2011. "The Incidence of EU Per‐Hectare Payments on Farmland Rental Rates: A Spatial Econometric Analysis of German Farm‐Level Data," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 62(1), pages 225-243, February.
    54. Charlton, Diane & Taylor, J. Edward & Vougioukas, Stavros & Rutledge, Zachariah, 2019. "Can Wages Rise Quickly Enough to Keep Workers in the Fields?," Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource Issues, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 34(2), May.
    55. Xueqin Zhu & Alfons Oude Lansink, 2010. "Impact of CAP Subsidies on Technical Efficiency of Crop Farms in Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 61(3), pages 545-564, September.
    56. Jerzy Marzec & Andrzej Pisulewski, 2017. "The Effect of CAP Subsidies on the Technical Efficiency of Polish Dairy Farms," Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics, Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics, vol. 9(3), pages 243-273, September.
    57. Jack Peerlings & Nico Polman & Liesbeth Dries, 2014. "Self-reported Resilience of European Farms With and Without the CAP," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 65(3), pages 722-738, September.
    58. Mangirdas MORKUNAS & Artiom VOLKOV & Yuri BILAN & Agota Giedre RAIŠIENE, 2018. "The Role Of Government In Forming Agricultural Policy: Economic Resilience Measuring Index Exploited," REVISTA ADMINISTRATIE SI MANAGEMENT PUBLIC, Faculty of Administration and Public Management, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania, vol. 2018(31), pages 111-131, December.
    59. S. Severini & A. Tantari & G. Di Tommaso, 2016. "Do CAP direct payments stabilise farm income? Empirical evidences from a constant sample of Italian farms," Agricultural and Food Economics, Springer;Italian Society of Agricultural Economics (SIDEA), vol. 4(1), pages 1-17, December.
    60. Alessandra Faggian & Roberta Gemmiti & Timothy Jaquet & Isabella Santini, 2018. "Regional economic resilience: the experience of the Italian local labor systems," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 60(2), pages 393-410, March.
    61. Francesco Mantino, 2017. "Employment Effects of the CAP in Italian Agriculture: Territorial Diversity and Policy Effectiveness," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 16(3), pages 12-17, December.
    62. Don J. Webber & Adrian Healy & Gillian Bristow, 2018. "Regional Growth Paths and Resilience: A European Analysis," Economic Geography, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 94(4), pages 355-375, August.
    63. Paolo Caro & Ugo Fratesi, 2018. "Regional determinants of economic resilience," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 60(2), pages 235-240, March.
    64. Baležentis, Tomas & De Witte, Kristof, 2015. "One- and multi-directional conditional efficiency measurement – Efficiency in Lithuanian family farms," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 245(2), pages 612-622.
    65. Dupraz, Pierre & Latruffe, Laure, 2015. "Trends in family labour, hired labour and contract work on French field crop farms: The role of the Common Agricultural Policy," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 104-118.
    66. Maria Garrone & Dorien Emmers & Hyejin Lee & Alessandro Olper & Johan Swinnen, 2019. "Subsidies and agricultural productivity in the EU," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 50(6), pages 803-817, November.
    67. Daniel El Chami & André Daccache & Maroun El Moujabber, 2020. "How Can Sustainable Agriculture Increase Climate Resilience? A Systematic Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-23, April.
    68. Wendong Lv & Yuan Wei & Xiaoyun Li & Lin Lin, 2019. "What Dimension of CSR Matters to Organizational Resilience? Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-23, March.
    69. Simone Severini & Luigi Biagini, 2020. "The direct and indirect effect of CAP support on farm income enhancement:a farm-based econometric analysis," Papers 2009.07684, arXiv.org, revised Jul 2023.
    70. Ron Martin & Peter Sunley & Ben Gardiner & Peter Tyler, 2016. "How Regions React to Recessions: Resilience and the Role of Economic Structure," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(4), pages 561-585, April.
    71. Tévécia Ronzon & Robert M’Barek, 2018. "Socioeconomic Indicators to Monitor the EU’s Bioeconomy in Transition," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-22, May.
    72. Thia C. Hennessy & Tahir Rehman, 2008. "Assessing the Impact of the ‘Decoupling’ Reform of the Common Agricultural Policy on Irish Farmers’ Off‐farm Labour Market Participation Decisions," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 59(1), pages 41-56, February.
    73. Ruxanda Berlinschi & Johan Swinnen & Kristine Van Herck, 2014. "Trapped in Agriculture? Credit Constraints, Investments in Education and Agricultural Employment," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 26(4), pages 490-508, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ruihan Wang & Zheng Lu & Chunyu Tang, 2024. "How does urbanisation affect agricultural economic resilience? Evidence from China," Agricultural Economics, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 70(10), pages 513-526.
    2. Tao Zhao & Jinwei Huo & Degang Yang & Xinhuan Zhang & Danni Lu & Mingjie Cui & Rongqian Lu & Yaning Chen, 2022. "Study on the Spatial Differentiation Characteristics and Influencing Factors of China’s Economic Resilience under Different Shocks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-15, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Khafagy, Amr & Vigani, Mauro, 2022. "Technical change and the Common Agricultural Policy," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    2. Vinko Muštra & Blanka Šimundić & Zvonimir Kuliš, 2020. "Does innovation matter for regional labour resilience? The case of EU regions," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 12(5), pages 955-970, October.
    3. Mariarosaria Agostino & Ercan Enzo Comert & Federica Demaria & Sabrina Ruberto, 2024. "What kinds of subsidies affect technical efficiency? The case of Italian dairy farms," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 40(1), pages 116-138, January.
    4. Artiom Volkov & Agnė Žičkienė & Mangirdas Morkunas & Tomas Baležentis & Erika Ribašauskienė & Dalia Streimikiene, 2021. "A Multi-Criteria Approach for Assessing the Economic Resilience of Agriculture: The Case of Lithuania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-16, February.
    5. Abdullah Mamun, 2024. "Impact of farm subsidies on global agricultural productivity," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 55(2), pages 346-364, March.
    6. Matthews, Alan & Salvatici, Luca & Scoppola, Margherita, 2017. "Trade Impacts of Agricultural Support in the EU," Commissioned Papers 252767, International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium.
    7. Yannis Psycharis & Anastasia Panori & Dimitrios Athanasopoulos, 2022. "Public Investment and Regional Resilience: Empirical Evidence from the Greek Regions," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Royal Dutch Geographical Society KNAG, vol. 113(1), pages 57-79, February.
    8. Bernini, Cristina & Galli, Federica, 2024. "Economic and Environmental Efficiency, Subsidies and Spatio-Temporal Effects in Agriculture," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    9. Balezentis, Tomas & Ribasauskiene, Erika & Morkunas, Mangirdas & Volkov, Artiom & Streimikiene, Dalia & Toma, Pierluigi, 2020. "Young farmers’ support under the Common Agricultural Policy and sustainability of rural regions: Evidence from Lithuania," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    10. Pia Nilsson & Sofia Wixe, 2022. "Assessing long-term effects of CAP investment support on indicators of farm performance," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 49(4), pages 760-795.
    11. Liping Liao & Minzhe Du & Jie Huang, 2022. "The Effect of Urban Resilience on Residents’ Subjective Happiness: Evidence from China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-19, October.
    12. Suat Tuysuz & Tüzin Baycan & Fatih Altuğ, 2022. "Economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak in Turkey: analysis of vulnerability and resilience of regions and diversely affected economic sectors," Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, Springer, vol. 6(3), pages 1133-1158, October.
    13. Elias Giannakis & Christos T. Papadas, 2021. "Spatial Connectivity and Regional Economic Resilience in Turbulent Times," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-12, October.
    14. Frýd, Lukáš & Sokol, Ondřej, 2021. "Relationships between technical efficiency and subsidies for Czech farms: A two-stage robust approach," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    15. Garrone, Maria & Emmers, Dorien & Olper, Alessandro & Swinnen, Johan, 2019. "Jobs and agricultural policy: Impact of the common agricultural policy on EU agricultural employment," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 1-1.
    16. Martini, Barbara, 2020. "Resilience and economic structure. Are they related?," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 62-91.
    17. Kassoum Ayouba & Jean-Philippe Boussemart & Stéphane Vigeant, 2017. "The impact of single farm payments on technical inefficiency of French crop farms," Review of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Studies, Springer, vol. 98(1), pages 1-23, July.
    18. Minviel, Jean Joseph & De Witte, Kristof, 2017. "The influence of public subsidies on farm technical efficiency: A robust conditional nonparametric approach," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 259(3), pages 1112-1120.
    19. Linus Holtermann & Christian Hundt, 2018. "Hierarchically structured determinants and phase related patterns of economic resilience. An empirical case study for European regions," Working Papers on Innovation and Space 2018-02, Philipps University Marburg, Department of Geography.
    20. Pontarollo, Nicola & Serpieri, Carolina, 2020. "A composite policy tool to measure territorial resilience capacity," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:17:p:10546-:d:896298. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.