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Hope and Fear of Threats as Predictors of Coping with Two Major Adversities, the COVID-19 Pandemic and an Armed Conflict

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  • Hadas Marciano

    (Stress and Resilience Research Center, Tel-Hai College, Tel Hai 1220800, Israel
    The Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making (IIPDM), University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel)

  • Yohanan Eshel

    (Stress and Resilience Research Center, Tel-Hai College, Tel Hai 1220800, Israel
    Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel)

  • Shaul Kimhi

    (Stress and Resilience Research Center, Tel-Hai College, Tel Hai 1220800, Israel)

  • Bruria Adini

    (Department of Emergency and Disaster Management, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel)

Abstract

Coping with adversities has been explained by two major theories: the fear appeal theory and the hope theory. The predictability of hope with that of fear of threats as variables explaining coping with two major adversities, the COVID-19 pandemic and an armed conflict, was compared. Participants were approached via an internet panel company in two different times: (1) January 2021 ( N = 699; age range: 18–82; 330 women), during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel and (2) May 2021 ( N = 647; age range: 19–83; 297 women), during an armed conflict between Israel and Hamas. Participants self-reported on hope, four perceived threats (health, economics, security, and political), well-being, individual resilience, societal resilience, and distress symptoms (anxiety and depression symptoms) were collected. Hope was found as a more consistent and stronger predictor of the following expressions of coping: well-being, individual and societal resilience, depression, and anxiety. It can be concluded that hope is a better and more consistent predictor of coping, as well as coping suppressing expressions, compared with fear of threats, in the face of the current adversities. The innovative nature of these findings, the importance of hope as a coping supporter, and the need for replicating these innovative results are discussed and elaborated.

Suggested Citation

  • Hadas Marciano & Yohanan Eshel & Shaul Kimhi & Bruria Adini, 2022. "Hope and Fear of Threats as Predictors of Coping with Two Major Adversities, the COVID-19 Pandemic and an Armed Conflict," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-13, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:3:p:1123-:d:728986
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Folkman, Susan, 1997. "Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 45(8), pages 1207-1221, October.
    2. Shaul Kimhi & Yohanan Eshel & Hadas Marciano & Bruria Adini, 2020. "A Renewed Outbreak of the COVID−19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study of Distress, Resilience, and Subjective Well-Being," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-13, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Tao, Ran & Li, Jianing & Shen, Liwei & Yang, Sijia, 2023. "Hope over fear: The interplay between threat information and hope appeal corrections in debunking early COVID-19 misinformation," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
    2. Mauda Karram & Andrea M. D'Alessandro-Lowe & Kimberly Ritchie & Andrea Brown & Yuanxin Xue & Mina Pichtikova & Maxwell Altman & Isaac Beech & Heather Millman & Fardous Hosseiny & Sara Rodrigues & Alex, 2023. "A Qualitative Approach to Understanding Canadian Healthcare Workers’ Use of Coping Strategies during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-15, January.

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