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Closed-Loop Microbial Fuel Cell Control System Designed for Online Monitoring of TOC Dynamic Characteristics in Public Swimming Pool

Author

Listed:
  • Haishan Chen

    (Department of Health Service and Management, School of Sport Management, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China)

  • Xiaoping Meng

    (Department of Health Service and Management, School of Sport Management, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China)

  • Dianlei Liu

    (Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China)

  • Wei Wang

    (Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 280539 Munich, Germany)

  • Xiaodong Xing

    (Department of Health Service and Management, School of Sport Management, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China)

  • Zhiyong Zhang

    (Department of Health Service and Management, School of Sport Management, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China)

  • Chen Dong

    (Department of Health Service and Management, School of Sport Management, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China)

Abstract

Total organic carbon (TOC) in the water of public swimming pools (PSPs) must be monitored online for public health. In order to address the shortcomings of conventional microbial fuel cell biosensor (MFC-biosensor), an innovative biosensor with peculiar closed-loop structure was developed for online monitoring of TOC in PSPs. Its design was based on experimental data, model identification, cybernetics, and digital and real-time simulation. The outcomes of the digital simulation demonstrated that the closed-loop MFC control system possesses the desired structure with a pair of dominant complex-conjugate closed-loop poles (−15.47 ± 7.73j), and the real-time simulation showed that its controller output signals can automatically and precisely track the variation in TOC concentration in PSP water with the desired dynamic response performances; for example, mean delay time was 0.06 h, rise time was 0.12 h, peak time was 0.18 h, maximum overshoot was 7.39%, settling time was 0.22 h, and best fit 0.98. The proposed principle and method of the closed-loop MFC-biosensor control system in the article can also be applied for online monitoring of other substances in water, such as heavy metal ions, chemical toxicants, and so forth, and lay a theoretical foundation for MFC-based online monitoring substances in an aquatic environment.

Suggested Citation

  • Haishan Chen & Xiaoping Meng & Dianlei Liu & Wei Wang & Xiaodong Xing & Zhiyong Zhang & Chen Dong, 2022. "Closed-Loop Microbial Fuel Cell Control System Designed for Online Monitoring of TOC Dynamic Characteristics in Public Swimming Pool," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-12, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:20:p:13024-:d:938904
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jiang, Yong & Yang, Xufei & Liang, Peng & Liu, Panpan & Huang, Xia, 2018. "Microbial fuel cell sensors for water quality early warning systems: Fundamentals, signal resolution, optimization and future challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 292-305.
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