IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v18y2021i23p12337-d686696.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Risk Factors of Blood Cadmium Elevation in Chronic Kidney Disease

Author

Listed:
  • Kai-Fan Tsai

    (Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan)

  • Pai-Chin Hsu

    (Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan)

  • Chia-Te Kung

    (Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan)

  • Chien-Te Lee

    (Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan)

  • Huey-Ling You

    (Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan)

  • Wan-Ting Huang

    (Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan)

  • Shau-Hsuan Li

    (Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan)

  • Fu-Jen Cheng

    (Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan)

  • Chin-Chou Wang

    (Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan)

  • Wen-Chin Lee

    (Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan)

Abstract

Low-level cadmium exposure has adverse effects on chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the risk factors for elevated blood cadmium levels (BCLs) have not been studied in CKD. We conducted a cross-sectional investigation in 200 CKD patients and stratified them by the tertiles of BCL to compare their demographic, environmental, and biochemical data. The factors associated with BCL were identified, and their effects were examined in subgroups. In the analyses, female sex, smoking, and CKD stage 5D were associated with high BCL, and statin was inversely correlated with BCL (odds ratio [95% confidence interval, CI], 6.858 [2.381–19.746], p < 0.001, 11.719 [2.843–48.296], p = 0.001, 30.333 [2.252–408.520], p = 0.010, and 0.326 [0.122–0.873], p = 0.026; deviations of BCL [nmol/L, 95% CI], 2.66 [1.33–4.00], p < 0.001, 3.68 [1.81–5.56], p < 0.001, 3.38 [0.95–5.82], p = 0.007, and −2.07 [−3.35–−0.78], p = 0.002). These factors were also independently correlated with BCL in subgroups, including non-dialysis CKD, hypertensive patients, non-smokers, and male patients. In conclusion, female sex, smoking, and CKD stage 5D were the major risk factors for elevated BCL; additionally, statins were negatively associated with BCL in CKD.

Suggested Citation

  • Kai-Fan Tsai & Pai-Chin Hsu & Chia-Te Kung & Chien-Te Lee & Huey-Ling You & Wan-Ting Huang & Shau-Hsuan Li & Fu-Jen Cheng & Chin-Chou Wang & Wen-Chin Lee, 2021. "The Risk Factors of Blood Cadmium Elevation in Chronic Kidney Disease," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-14, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:23:p:12337-:d:686696
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/23/12337/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/23/12337/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Akesson, A. & Berglund, M. & Schütz, A. & Bjellerup, P. & Bremme, K. & Vahter, M., 2002. "Cadmium exposure in pregnancy and lactation in relation to iron status," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 92(2), pages 284-287.
    2. Shirley X. Chen & Clare L. S. Wiseman & Dolon Chakravartty & Donald C. Cole, 2017. "Metal Concentrations in Newcomer Women and Environmental Exposures: A Scoping Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-12, March.
    3. Giuseppe Genchi & Maria Stefania Sinicropi & Graziantonio Lauria & Alessia Carocci & Alessia Catalano, 2020. "The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-24, May.
    4. Patricia Richter & Obaid Faroon & R. Steven Pappas, 2017. "Cadmium and Cadmium/Zinc Ratios and Tobacco-Related Morbidities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-19, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Rattawan Somporn & Natcha Chaiwong & Mehedi Mahmudul Hasan & Sanhawat Chaiwong, 2023. "Cadmium Exposure and Renal Function Biomarkers: A 10-Year Follow-Up of Thailand’s Tak Province Population," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-18, July.
    2. Jamila A. Perini & Mayara C. da Silva & Lorena V. Correa & Yasmin M. Silva & Renato M. Borges & Maria de Fátima R. Moreira, 2022. "Chronic Cadmium Exposure and Genetic Polymorphisms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in a Population Exposed to Steel Slag in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-11, November.
    3. Abhishek Nandan & Albin C. Suresh & Parth Saole & S. Amulya Jeevanasai & Ramprasad Chandrasekaran & Lucas Meili & Nur Izyan Wan Azelee & Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian, 2023. "An Integrated Approach for Electronic Waste Management—Overview of Sources of Generation, Toxicological Effects, Assessment, Governance, and Mitigation Approaches," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-19, December.
    4. Cristine Couto de Almeida & Diego dos Santos Baião & Paloma de Almeida Rodrigues & Tatiana Dillenburg Saint’Pierre & Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis & Katia Christina Leandro & Vania Margaret Flosi Paschoalin, 2022. "Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Infant Formulas Marketed in Brazil, and Child Health Risks According to the Target Hazard Quotients and Target Cancer Risk," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-14, September.
    5. Yun-rui Zhang & Ping Wang & Xu-xia Liang & Chuen Seng Tan & Jian-bin Tan & Jing Wang & Qiong Huang & Rui Huang & Zhi-xue Li & Wen-cai Chen & Shi-xuan Wu & Choon Nam Ong & Xing-fen Yang & Yong-ning Wu, 2015. "Associations between Urinary Excretion of Cadmium and Renal Biomarkers in Nonsmoking Females: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Areas of South China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-14, September.
    6. Esin Dadasoglu & Melek Ekinci & Metin Turan & Ertan Yildirim, 2022. "Ameliorative Effects of Biochar for Cadmium Stress on Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Growth," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-13, November.
    7. Nozomi Sasaki & David O. Carpenter, 2022. "Associations between Metal Exposures and Cognitive Function in American Older Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-13, February.
    8. Shannon S. Cigan & Sharon E. Murphy & Bruce H. Alexander & Daniel O. Stram & Dorothy K. Hatsukami & Loic Le Marchand & Sungshim L. Park & Irina Stepanov, 2021. "Ethnic Differences of Urinary Cadmium in Cigarette Smokers from the Multiethnic Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-13, March.
    9. Rita Canipari & Lucia De Santis & Sandra Cecconi, 2020. "Female Fertility and Environmental Pollution," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-18, November.
    10. Sònia Torres & Carla Merino & Beatrix Paton & Xavier Correig & Noelia Ramírez, 2018. "Biomarkers of Exposure to Secondhand and Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-25, November.
    11. Laura A. Rodriguez-Villamizar & Olga M. Medina & Oscar Flórez-Vargas & Eugenio Vilanova & Alvaro J. Idrovo & Santiago A. Araque-Rodriguez & José A. Henao & Luz H. Sánchez-Rodríguez, 2023. "Chemical Element Mixtures and Kidney Function in Mining and Non-Mining Settings in Northern Colombia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-15, January.
    12. Anthony Milki & Deanna Wong & Chloe Chan & Sarita Sooklal & Daniel S. Kapp & Amandeep K. Mann, 2022. "Increased Urinary Cadmium Levels in Foreign-Born Asian Women—An NHANES Study of 9639 U.S. Participants," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-10, February.
    13. Maria Dettwiler & Angela C. Flynn & Jessica Rigutto-Farebrother, 2023. "Effects of Non-Essential “Toxic” Trace Elements on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Narrative Overview of Recent Literature Syntheses," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(8), pages 1-16, April.
    14. Martyna A. Rzetala & Robert Machowski & Maksymilian Solarski & Daniel Bakota & Arkadiusz Płomiński & Mariusz Rzetala, 2023. "Toxic Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids in Bottom Sediments as a Geoecological Indicator of a Water Body’s Suitability for Recreational Use," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-23, February.
    15. Mohineeta Pandey & Astha Tirkey & Ankesh Tiwari & Sang Soo Lee & Rashmi Dubey & Ki Hyun Kim & Sudhir Kumar Pandey, 2022. "The Environmental Significance of Contaminants of Concern in the Soil–Vegetable Interface: Sources, Accumulation, Health Risks, and Mitigation through Biochar," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-23, November.
    16. Carlos Tadashi Kunioka & Maria Conceição Manso & Márcia Carvalho, 2022. "Association between Environmental Cadmium Exposure and Osteoporosis Risk in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-15, December.
    17. Haomin Lei & Xin Xu & Xiaofeng Liu & Junboum Park & Zhongyu Yu & Hao Liu, 2022. "Red Mud-Amended Soil as Highly Adsorptive Hybrid-Fill Materials for Controlling Heavy Metal Sewage Seepage in Industrial Zone," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-15, November.
    18. Anirban Goutam Mukherjee & Kaviyarasi Renu & Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan & Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan & Sathishkumar Vinayagam & Soraya Paz-Montelongo & Abhijit Dey & Balachandar Vellingiri & Alex , 2023. "Heavy Metal and Metalloid Contamination in Food and Emerging Technologies for Its Detection," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-30, January.
    19. Żaneta Ciosek & Karolina Kot & Iwona Rotter, 2023. "Iron, Zinc, Copper, Cadmium, Mercury, and Bone Tissue," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-25, January.
    20. Soisungwan Satarug & David A. Vesey & Glenda C. Gobe, 2022. "Dose–Response Analysis of the Tubular and Glomerular Effects of Chronic Exposure to Environmental Cadmium," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-14, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:23:p:12337-:d:686696. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.