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Ethnic Differences of Urinary Cadmium in Cigarette Smokers from the Multiethnic Cohort Study

Author

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  • Shannon S. Cigan

    (Department of Pediatrics, Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
    Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA)

  • Sharon E. Murphy

    (Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Physics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
    Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA)

  • Bruce H. Alexander

    (Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
    Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA)

  • Daniel O. Stram

    (Department of Preventative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA)

  • Dorothy K. Hatsukami

    (Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
    Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA)

  • Loic Le Marchand

    (Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA)

  • Sungshim L. Park

    (Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Irina Stepanov

    (Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
    Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

The Multiethnic Cohort Study (MEC) has demonstrated racial/ethnic differences in smoking-associated lung cancer risk. As part of the ongoing effort to characterize exposure to cigarette smoke constituents and better understand risk differences, we evaluated Cd exposure as it is a known lung carcinogen. We quantified urinary cadmium (Cd) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in a subset of 1956 current smokers from MEC. Ethnic-specific geometric means (GM) were compared adjusting for age at urine collection, sex, creatinine (natural log), education, and smoking (urinary total nicotine equivalents [TNE] and smoking duration). Self-reported questionnaire data, including occupation, were also considered. Latinos and Native Hawaiians had the highest GM urinary Cd (0.871 and 0.836 ng/mL, respectively) followed by Japanese Americans and African Americans (0.811 ng/mL and 0.807, respectively) and Whites (0.736 ng/mL). Patterns in race/ethnicity were consistent by sex such that females had the highest GM urinary Cd. When further adjusting for categorical occupational Cd exposure, racial/ethnic differences of Cd remained ( p = 0.009). Findings suggest differences in urinary Cd among smokers across different racial/ethnic groups exist and highlight the importance in considering environmental sources of Cd exposure beyond smoking. These finding lay ground for future studies of individual characteristics that are associated with lower risk for cancer despite higher carcinogenic exposures.

Suggested Citation

  • Shannon S. Cigan & Sharon E. Murphy & Bruce H. Alexander & Daniel O. Stram & Dorothy K. Hatsukami & Loic Le Marchand & Sungshim L. Park & Irina Stepanov, 2021. "Ethnic Differences of Urinary Cadmium in Cigarette Smokers from the Multiethnic Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-13, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:5:p:2669-:d:512002
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Patricia Richter & Obaid Faroon & R. Steven Pappas, 2017. "Cadmium and Cadmium/Zinc Ratios and Tobacco-Related Morbidities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-19, September.
    2. Cushing, L. & Faust, J. & August, L.M. & Cendak, R. & Wieland, W. & Alexeeff, G., 2015. "Racial/ethnic disparities in cumulative environmental health impacts in California: Evidence from a statewide environmental justice screening tool (CalEnviroScreen 1.1)," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 105(11), pages 2341-2348.
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