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Iron, Zinc, Copper, Cadmium, Mercury, and Bone Tissue

Author

Listed:
  • Żaneta Ciosek

    (Chair and Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54, 70-210 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Karolina Kot

    (Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland)

  • Iwona Rotter

    (Chair and Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54, 70-210 Szczecin, Poland)

Abstract

The paper presents the current understanding on the effects of five metals on bone tissue, namely iron, zinc, copper, cadmium, and mercury. Iron, zinc, and copper contribute significantly to human and animal metabolism when present in sufficient amounts, but their excess or shortage increases the risk of developing bone disorders. In contrast, cadmium and mercury serve no physiological purpose and their long-term accumulation damages the osteoarticular system. We discuss the methods of action and interactions between the discussed elements as well as the concentrations of each element in distinct bone structures.

Suggested Citation

  • Żaneta Ciosek & Karolina Kot & Iwona Rotter, 2023. "Iron, Zinc, Copper, Cadmium, Mercury, and Bone Tissue," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-25, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:3:p:2197-:d:1046901
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Henry M. Kronenberg, 2003. "Developmental regulation of the growth plate," Nature, Nature, vol. 423(6937), pages 332-336, May.
    2. Giuseppe Genchi & Maria Stefania Sinicropi & Graziantonio Lauria & Alessia Carocci & Alessia Catalano, 2020. "The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-24, May.
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    Keywords

    bone; cadmium; copper; iron; mercury; zinc;
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