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Female Fertility and Environmental Pollution

Author

Listed:
  • Rita Canipari

    (DAHFMO, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza, University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy)

  • Lucia De Santis

    (San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IRCCS H.S.Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy)

  • Sandra Cecconi

    (Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Sanità Pubblica, Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy)

Abstract

A realistic picture of our world shows that it is heavily polluted everywhere. Coastal regions and oceans are polluted by farm fertilizer, manure runoff, sewage and industrial discharges, and large isles of waste plastic are floating around, impacting sea life. Terrestrial ecosystems are contaminated by heavy metals and organic chemicals that can be taken up by and accumulate in crop plants, and water tables are heavily contaminated by untreated industrial discharges. As deadly particulates can drift far, poor air quality has become a significant global problem and one that is not exclusive to major industrialized cities. The consequences are a dramatic impairment of our ecosystem and biodiversity and increases in degenerative or man-made diseases. In this respect, it has been demonstrated that environmental pollution impairs fertility in all mammalian species. The worst consequences are observed for females since the number of germ cells present in the ovary is fixed during fetal life, and the cells are not renewable. This means that any pollutant affecting hormonal homeostasis and/or the reproductive apparatus inevitably harms reproductive performance. This decline will have important social and economic consequences that can no longer be overlooked.

Suggested Citation

  • Rita Canipari & Lucia De Santis & Sandra Cecconi, 2020. "Female Fertility and Environmental Pollution," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-18, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:23:p:8802-:d:451835
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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    2. Joshua Johnson & Jacqueline Canning & Tomoko Kaneko & James K. Pru & Jonathan L. Tilly, 2004. "Correction: Corrigendum: Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary," Nature, Nature, vol. 430(7003), pages 1062-1062, August.
    3. Akesson, A. & Berglund, M. & Schütz, A. & Bjellerup, P. & Bremme, K. & Vahter, M., 2002. "Cadmium exposure in pregnancy and lactation in relation to iron status," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 92(2), pages 284-287.
    4. Karolina Kot & Danuta Kosik-Bogacka & Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk & Witold Malinowski & Sławomir Szymański & Maciej Mularczyk & Natalia Tomska & Iwona Rotter, 2019. "Interactions between 14 Elements in the Human Placenta, Fetal Membrane and Umbilical Cord," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-13, May.
    5. Joshua Johnson & Jacqueline Canning & Tomoko Kaneko & James K. Pru & Jonathan L. Tilly, 2004. "Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary," Nature, Nature, vol. 428(6979), pages 145-150, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Shuman Sheng & Wei Liu & Yafei Xue & Zhengwu Pan & Lanlan Zhao & Fei Wang & Xiaoyi Qi, 2022. "Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Promotes the Development of Endometrial Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-11, November.
    2. Saira Amir & Syed Tahir Abbas Shah & Charalampos Mamoulakis & Anca Oana Docea & Olga-Ioanna Kalantzi & Athanasios Zachariou & Daniela Calina & Felix Carvalho & Nikolaos Sofikitis & Antonios Makrigiann, 2021. "Endocrine Disruptors Acting on Estrogen and Androgen Pathways Cause Reproductive Disorders through Multiple Mechanisms: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-20, February.

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