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Does Irrigation with Treated and Untreated Wastewater Increase Antimicrobial Resistance in Soil and Water: A Systematic Review

Author

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  • Stacy Slobodiuk

    (Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA)

  • Caitlin Niven

    (Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA)

  • Greer Arthur

    (Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA)

  • Siddhartha Thakur

    (Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA)

  • Ayse Ercumen

    (Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA)

Abstract

Population growth and water scarcity necessitate alternative agriculture practices, such as reusing wastewater for irrigation. Domestic wastewater has been used for irrigation for centuries in many historically low-income and arid countries and is becoming more widely used by high-income countries to augment water resources in an increasingly dry climate. Wastewater treatment processes are not fully effective in removing all contaminants, such as antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Literature reviews on the impact of wastewater irrigation on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment have been inconclusive and mostly focused on treated wastewater. We conducted the first systematic review to assess the impact of irrigation with both treated or untreated domestic wastewater on ARB and ARGs in soil and adjacent water bodies. We screened titles/abstracts of 3002 articles, out of which 41 were screened in full text and 26 were included in this review. Of these, thirteen investigated irrigation with untreated wastewater, and nine found a positive association with ARB/ARGs in soil. Out of thirteen studies focused on treated wastewater, six found a positive association with ARB/ARGs while six found mixed/negative associations. Our findings demonstrate that irrigation with untreated wastewater increases AMR in soil and call for precautionary action by field workers, their families, and consumers when untreated wastewater is used to irrigate crops. The effect of irrigation with treated wastewater was more variable among the studies included in our review, highlighting the need to better understand to what extent AMR is disseminated through this practice. Future research should assess factors that modify the effect of wastewater irrigation on AMR in soil, such as the degree and type of wastewater treatment, and the duration and intensity of irrigation, to inform guidelines on the reuse of wastewater for irrigation.

Suggested Citation

  • Stacy Slobodiuk & Caitlin Niven & Greer Arthur & Siddhartha Thakur & Ayse Ercumen, 2021. "Does Irrigation with Treated and Untreated Wastewater Increase Antimicrobial Resistance in Soil and Water: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-19, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:21:p:11046-:d:661233
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xavier Raynaud & Naoise Nunan, 2014. "Spatial Ecology of Bacteria at the Microscale in Soil," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(1), pages 1-9, January.
    2. Sato, Toshio & Qadir, Manzoor & Yamamoto, Sadahiro & Endo, Tsuneyoshi & Zahoor, Ahmad, 2013. "Global, regional, and country level need for data on wastewater generation, treatment, and use," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 1-13.
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    4. Vanessa M. D’Costa & Christine E. King & Lindsay Kalan & Mariya Morar & Wilson W. L. Sung & Carsten Schwarz & Duane Froese & Grant Zazula & Fabrice Calmels & Regis Debruyne & G. Brian Golding & Hendri, 2011. "Antibiotic resistance is ancient," Nature, Nature, vol. 477(7365), pages 457-461, September.
    5. Odegard, I.Y.R. & van der Voet, E., 2014. "The future of food — Scenarios and the effect on natural resource use in agriculture in 2050," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 51-59.
    6. Palacios, Oskar A. & Contreras, Claudia A. & Muñoz-Castellanos, Laila N. & González-Rangel, María O. & Rubio-Arias, Hector & Palacios-Espinosa, Alejandro & Nevárez-Moorillón, Guadalupe V., 2017. "Monitoring of indicator and multidrug resistant bacteria in agricultural soils under different irrigation patterns," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 19-27.
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    1. Rezapour, Salar & Alamdari, Parisa & Kalavrouziotis, Ioannis K., 2023. "Response of soil health index to untreated wastewater irrigation in selected farms under different vegetable types," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).

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