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Parenting Styles, Internalization of Values and Self-Esteem: A Cross-Cultural Study in Spain, Portugal and Brazil

Author

Listed:
  • Isabel Martinez

    (Department of Psychology—Social Psychology Area, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda de los Alfares 44, 16071 Cuenca, Spain)

  • Fernando Garcia

    (Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain)

  • Feliciano Veiga

    (Instituto de Educação, Alameda da Universidade, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Oscar F. Garcia

    (Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain)

  • Yara Rodrigues

    (Department of Education, Faculdade São Braz, Curitiba, Parana, 82520-590, Brazil)

  • Emilia Serra

    (Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain)

Abstract

The present study analyzes the impact of parenting styles on adolescents’ self-esteem and internalization of social values in three countries, Spain, Portugal and Brazil. The sample of the study was comprised of 2091 adolescents from Spain ( n = 793), Portugal ( n = 675), and Brazil ( n = 623) from 12–18 years old (52.1% females). The four types of parenting styles, authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian and neglectful, were measured through the warmth and strictness dimensions of the Scale of Parental Socialization ESPA29. The two criteria variables were captured with the five dimensions of the AF5, Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire, and with self-transcendence and conservation Schwartz values. Results confirm emergent research in parenting socialization: the use of parental warmth is evidenced as key for adolescent self-esteem and internalization of social values in the three countries analyzed. Indulgent and authoritative parenting (both characterized by parental warmth) are associated with the highest value internalization in the three countries. Furthermore, indulgent parenting (use of warmth) is associated with the highest adolescent self-esteem, overcoming authoritative parenting (use of warmth and strictness). The influence of parenting over adolescent self-esteem and values internalization is maintained independent of the differences in self-esteem and value priorities observed in the cultural context, the sex and age of the participants.

Suggested Citation

  • Isabel Martinez & Fernando Garcia & Feliciano Veiga & Oscar F. Garcia & Yara Rodrigues & Emilia Serra, 2020. "Parenting Styles, Internalization of Values and Self-Esteem: A Cross-Cultural Study in Spain, Portugal and Brazil," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-18, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:7:p:2370-:d:339430
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Oscar F. Garcia & Maria C. Fuentes & Enrique Gracia & Emilia Serra & Fernando Garcia, 2020. "Parenting Warmth and Strictness across Three Generations: Parenting Styles and Psychosocial Adjustment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(20), pages 1-18, October.
    2. Pilar Ridao & Isabel López-Verdugo & Carmen Reina-Flores, 2021. "Parental Beliefs about Childhood and Adolescence from a Longitudinal Perspective," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-17, February.
    3. Liu, Paul C.Y. & Zhu, Fei & Wang, Jie, 2024. "The apple doesn't fall far from the tree: Parenting styles and its effects on family business succession intentions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    4. Iyus Yosep & Rohman Hikmat & Ai Mardhiyah, 2023. "Preventing Cyberbullying and Reducing Its Negative Impact on Students Using E-Parenting: A Scoping Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-14, January.

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