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Relationships between Parental Socialization Styles, Empathy and Connectedness with Nature: Their Implications in Environmentalism

Author

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  • Daniel Musitu-Ferrer

    (Department of Education and Social Psychology, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain)

  • Celeste León-Moreno

    (Department of Education and Social Psychology, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain)

  • Juan Evaristo Callejas-Jerónimo

    (Department of Education and Social Psychology, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain)

  • Macarena Esteban-Ibáñez

    (Department of Education and Social Psychology, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain)

  • Gonzalo Musitu-Ochoa

    (Department of Education and Social Psychology, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain)

Abstract

Parents exert a strong influence on several adjustment outcomes. However, little is known about their influence on adolescents’ connectedness with the environment. This study examined the relationships between parenting styles, empathy and connectedness with the environment. The two-dimensional socialization model was used with four resulting styles: Indulgent, authoritative, neglectful and authoritarian. The sample comprised 797 adolescents (52.7% girls) from six public secondary schools who were aged between 12 and 16 years ( M = 13.94, SD = 1.28). The results showed significant relationships between parental socialization styles, empathy and connectedness with nature. It was also observed that adolescents from indulgent and authoritative families showed higher levels of empathy and connectedness with the environment than adolescents raised by authoritarian and neglectful parents, with males from such families consistently presenting the lowest levels of empathy and connectedness, which was not the case among women. Additionally, women, regardless of the parental style in which they had been educated, showed greater cognitive and emotional empathy with the natural environment, while adolescents raised in indulgent and authoritative families displayed higher levels of empathy and connectedness than those with authoritarian and neglectful parents. These results suggest that indulgent and authoritative styles are stronger enablers of empathy and connectedness with nature.

Suggested Citation

  • Daniel Musitu-Ferrer & Celeste León-Moreno & Juan Evaristo Callejas-Jerónimo & Macarena Esteban-Ibáñez & Gonzalo Musitu-Ochoa, 2019. "Relationships between Parental Socialization Styles, Empathy and Connectedness with Nature: Their Implications in Environmentalism," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-20, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:14:p:2461-:d:247385
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. María C. Fuentes & Rafael García-Ros & Francisco Pérez-González & Dolores Sancerni, 2019. "Effects of Parenting Styles on Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Stress in Spanish Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-19, August.
    2. Alan C. Logan & Christopher R. D’Adamo & Susan L. Prescott, 2023. "The Founder: Dispositional Greed, Showbiz, and the Commercial Determinants of Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(9), pages 1-20, April.
    3. Pablo Queiroz & Oscar F. Garcia & Fernando Garcia & Juan J. Zacares & Cleonice Camino, 2020. "Self and Nature: Parental Socialization, Self-Esteem, and Environmental Values in Spanish Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-14, May.
    4. Isabel Martinez & Fernando Garcia & Feliciano Veiga & Oscar F. Garcia & Yara Rodrigues & Emilia Serra, 2020. "Parenting Styles, Internalization of Values and Self-Esteem: A Cross-Cultural Study in Spain, Portugal and Brazil," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-18, March.
    5. Sofia Gimenez-Serrano & Marta Alcaide & Maria Reyes & Juan J. Zacarés & Montserrat Celdrán, 2022. "Beyond Parenting Socialization Years: The Relationship between Parenting Dimensions and Grandparenting Functioning," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-13, April.

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