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How Do Combustion and Non-Combustion Products Used Outdoors Affect Outdoor and Indoor Particulate Matter Levels? A Field Evaluation Near the Entrance of an Italian University Library

Author

Listed:
  • Vittoria Cammalleri

    (Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy)

  • Daniela Marotta

    (Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy)

  • Carmela Protano

    (Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy)

  • Matteo Vitali

    (Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy)

  • Paolo Villari

    (Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy)

  • Maria Sofia Cattaruzza

    (Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy)

  • on behalf of the Smoke-free Department Working Group

    (Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
    The Smoke-free Department Working Group members are listed in Appendix A .)

Abstract

Particulate Matter (PM) is a well-known health risk factor and pollutes both outdoor and indoor air. Using PM as an air pollution indicator, the aims were to assess outdoor and indoor air pollution due to combustion and/or non-combustion products used outdoors and to compare the PM levels emitted by different products. PM with an aerodynamic diameter ?10, 4, 2.5 and 1 µm (PM 10 , PM 4 , PM 2.5 , PM 1 ) was simultaneously measured in two areas, respectively, indoors (with smoking ban) and outdoors (where people commonly smoke) of a university library during the morning and the afternoon of two weekdays. Both combustion and non-combustion products determined a relevant worsening of outdoor air quality, with the highest PM 1 levels achieved when a single traditional cigarette (9920 µg m ?3 ), a single e-cigarette (9810 µg m ?3 ) and three simultaneous traditional cigarettes (8700 µg m ?3 ) were smoked. An increase of indoor PM 1 levels was found during outdoor smoking/vaping sessions, persisting also after the end of sessions. The results highlighted the need for a revision of smoke-free laws, especially for outdoor areas, to include non-combustion products. In addition, it is essential to make society aware of the dangers of smoking outdoors by implementing health promotion interventions.

Suggested Citation

  • Vittoria Cammalleri & Daniela Marotta & Carmela Protano & Matteo Vitali & Paolo Villari & Maria Sofia Cattaruzza & on behalf of the Smoke-free Department Working Group, 2020. "How Do Combustion and Non-Combustion Products Used Outdoors Affect Outdoor and Indoor Particulate Matter Levels? A Field Evaluation Near the Entrance of an Italian University Library," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-15, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:14:p:5200-:d:386529
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sònia Torres & Carla Merino & Beatrix Paton & Xavier Correig & Noelia Ramírez, 2018. "Biomarkers of Exposure to Secondhand and Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-25, November.
    2. Carmela Protano & Pasquale Avino & Maurizio Manigrasso & Valerio Vivaldi & Franco Perna & Federica Valeriani & Matteo Vitali, 2018. "Environmental Electronic Vape Exposure from Four Different Generations of Electronic Cigarettes: Airborne Particulate Matter Levels," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-10, October.
    3. Julia Wasel & Michael Boll & Michaela Schulze & Daniel Mueller & Matthias Bundschuh & David A. Groneberg & Alexander Gerber, 2015. "Brand Cigarillos: Low Price but High Particulate Matter Levels—Is Their Favorable Taxation in the European Union Justified?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-13, August.
    4. Carmela Protano & Maurizio Manigrasso & Vittoria Cammalleri & Giuseppe Biondi Zoccai & Giacomo Frati & Pasquale Avino & Matteo Vitali, 2020. "Impact of Electronic Alternatives to Tobacco Cigarettes on Indoor Air Particular Matter Levels," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-10, April.
    5. Carmela Protano & Roberta Andreoli & Antonio Mutti & Maurizio Manigrasso & Pasquale Avino & Matteo Vitali, 2018. "Reference Intervals for Urinary Cotinine Levels and the Influence of Sampling Time and Other Predictors on Its Excretion Among Italian Schoolchildren," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-13, April.
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