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Smoking a Dangerous Addiction: A Systematic Review on an Underrated Risk Factor for Oral Diseases

Author

Listed:
  • Naveed Ahmed

    (Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia
    Authors equally contributed.)

  • Sohaib Arshad

    (Periodontics Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia
    Authors equally contributed.)

  • Syed Nahid Basheer

    (Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mohmed Isaqali Karobari

    (Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia
    Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences University, Chennai 600077, India)

  • Anand Marya

    (Department of Orthodontics, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh 12211, Cambodia
    Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences University, Chennai 600077, India)

  • Charu Mohan Marya

    (Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad 121002, India)

  • Pratibha Taneja

    (Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad 121002, India)

  • Pietro Messina

    (Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy)

  • Chan Yean Yean

    (Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia)

  • Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina

    (Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy)

Abstract

Despite growing knowledge of the adverse effects of cigarette smoking on general health, smoking is one of the most widely prevalent addictions around the world. Globally, about 1.1 billion smokers and over 8 million people die each year because of cigarette smoking. Smoking acts as a source for a variety of oral and systemic diseases. Various periodontal issues such as increased pocket depth, loss of alveolar bone, tooth mobility, oral lesions, ulcerations, halitosis, and stained teeth are more common among smokers. This systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines from PRISMA, and research articles were retrieved from the Web database sources on 31 May 2021. The quality of research articles was ensured by the type of evidence from combined schema incorporating as schema-13 evidence type description, Cochrane health promotion and public health field (CHPPHF), and the health gains notation framework-14 screening question for quality assessment of qualitative and quantitative studies. Smokers have been found to have bleeding on probing, periodontal pockets, and clinical attachment loss compared to nonsmokers. Oral and respiratory cancers are among the most lethal known diseases caused by cigarette smoking and other commonly occurring sequelae such as stained teeth, periodontal diseases, etc.

Suggested Citation

  • Naveed Ahmed & Sohaib Arshad & Syed Nahid Basheer & Mohmed Isaqali Karobari & Anand Marya & Charu Mohan Marya & Pratibha Taneja & Pietro Messina & Chan Yean Yean & Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina, 2021. "Smoking a Dangerous Addiction: A Systematic Review on an Underrated Risk Factor for Oral Diseases," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-16, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:21:p:11003-:d:660204
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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