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Battery Sizing for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Beijing: A TCO Model Based Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Cong Hou

    (State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    Chongqing Changan Automobile Company Ltd., Chongqing 400023, China)

  • Hewu Wang

    (State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

  • Minggao Ouyang

    (State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

Abstract

This paper proposes a total cost of ownership (TCO) model for battery sizing of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The proposed systematic TCO model innovatively integrates the Beijing driving database and optimal PHEV energy management strategies developed earlier. The TCO, including battery, fuel, electricity, and salvage costs, is calculated in yearly cash flows. The salvage cost, based on battery degradation model, is proposed for the first time. The results show that the optimal battery size for PHEVs in Beijing is 6–8 kWh. Several additional scenarios are also analyzed: (1) 10% increase in battery price or discount rate leads to an optimal battery size of 6 kWh, and 10% increase in fuel price shifts the optimal battery size to 8 kWh; (2) the longer and more dispersive daily range distribution in the U.S. increases the optimal battery size to 14 kWh; (3) the subsidy in China results in an optimal battery size of 13 kWh, while that in the U.S. results in 17 kWh, and a fuel savings rate based subsidy policy is innovatively proposed; (4) the optimal battery size with Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 batteries is 2 kWh, but the TCO of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 batteries is higher than that of LiFePO 4 batteries.

Suggested Citation

  • Cong Hou & Hewu Wang & Minggao Ouyang, 2014. "Battery Sizing for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Beijing: A TCO Model Based Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(8), pages 1-26, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:7:y:2014:i:8:p:5374-5399:d:39404
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    3. Cai, Yanpeng & Applegate, Scott & Yue, Wencong & Cai, Jianying & Wang, Xuan & Liu, Gengyuan & Li, Chunhui, 2017. "A hybrid life cycle and multi-criteria decision analysis approach for identifying sustainable development strategies of Beijing's taxi fleet," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 314-325.
    4. Qian Zhang & Xunmin Ou & Xiaoyu Yan & Xiliang Zhang, 2017. "Electric Vehicle Market Penetration and Impacts on Energy Consumption and CO 2 Emission in the Future: Beijing Case," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-15, February.
    5. Ouyang, Minggao & Feng, Xuning & Han, Xuebing & Lu, Languang & Li, Zhe & He, Xiangming, 2016. "A dynamic capacity degradation model and its applications considering varying load for a large format Li-ion battery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 48-59.
    6. Susanne Rothgang & Matthias Rogge & Jan Becker & Dirk Uwe Sauer, 2015. "Battery Design for Successful Electrification in Public Transport," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(7), pages 1-23, June.
    7. Saccani, Nicola & Perona, Marco & Bacchetti, Andrea, 2017. "The total cost of ownership of durable consumer goods: A conceptual model and an empirical application," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 183(PA), pages 1-13.
    8. Yunna Wu & Meng Yang & Haobo Zhang & Kaifeng Chen & Yang Wang, 2016. "Optimal Site Selection of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Based on a Cloud Model and the PROMETHEE Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(3), pages 1-20, March.

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