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Plug-in-Hybrid Vehicle Use, Energy Consumption, and Greenhouse Emissions: An Analysis of Household Vehicle Placements in Northern California

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  • Brett Williams

    (Transportation Sustainability Research Center (TSRC), University of California, Berkeley, 2150 Allston Way #280, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA)

  • Elliot Martin

    (Transportation Sustainability Research Center (TSRC), University of California, Berkeley, 2150 Allston Way #280, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA)

  • Timothy Lipman

    (Transportation Sustainability Research Center (TSRC), University of California, Berkeley, 2150 Allston Way #280, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA)

  • Daniel Kammen

    (Transportation Sustainability Research Center (TSRC), University of California, Berkeley, 2150 Allston Way #280, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA)

Abstract

We report on the real-world use over the course of one year of a nickel-metal-hydride plug-in hybrid—the Toyota Plug-In HV—by a set of 12 northern California households able to charge at home and work. From vehicle use data, energy and greenhouse-emissions implications are also explored. A total of 1557 trips—most using under 0.5 gallons of gasoline—ranged up to 2.4 hours and 133 miles and averaged 14 minutes and 7 miles. 399 charging events averaged 2.6 hours. The maximum lasted 4.6 hours. Most recharges added less than 1.4 kWh, with a mean charge of 0.92 kWh. The average power drawn was under one-half kilowatt. The greenhouse gas emissions from driving and charging were estimated to be 2.6 metric tons, about half of the emissions expected from a 22.4-mpg vehicle (the MY2009 fleet-wide real-world average). The findings contribute to better understanding of how plug-in hybrids might be used, their potential impact, and how potential benefits and requirements vary for different plug-in-vehicle designs. For example, based on daily driving distances, 20 miles of charge-depleting range would have been fully utilized on 81% of days driven, whereas 40 miles would not have been fully utilized on over half of travel days.

Suggested Citation

  • Brett Williams & Elliot Martin & Timothy Lipman & Daniel Kammen, 2011. "Plug-in-Hybrid Vehicle Use, Energy Consumption, and Greenhouse Emissions: An Analysis of Household Vehicle Placements in Northern California," Energies, MDPI, vol. 4(3), pages 1-23, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:4:y:2011:i:3:p:435-457:d:11582
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Williams, Brett D, 2007. "Commercializing Light-Duty Plug-In/Plug-Out Hydrogen-Fuel-Cell Vehicles:“Mobile Electricity” Technologies, Early California Household Markets, and Innovation Management," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt4kv151dp, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
    2. Axsen, John & Kurani, Kenneth S. & McCarthy, Ryan & Yang, Christopher, 2010. "Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle GHG Impacts in California: Integrating Consumer-Informed Recharge Profiles with an Electricity-Dispatch Model," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt9zg6g60t, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
    3. Williams, Brett D, 2007. "Commercializing Light-Duty Plug-In/Plug-Out Hydrogen-Fuel-Cell Vehicles:“Mobile Electricity” Technologies, Early California Household Markets, and Innovation Management," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt16k010cq, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
    4. Kurani, Kenneth S & Axsen, Jonn & Caperello, Nicolette & Davies, Jamie & Stillwater, Tai, 2009. "Learning from Consumers: Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) Demonstration and Consumer Education, Outreach, and Market Research Program," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt9361r9h7, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
    5. Axsen, Jonn & Kurani, Kenneth S. & McCarthy, Ryan & Yang, Christopher, 2011. "Plug-in hybrid vehicle GHG impacts in California: Integrating consumer-informed recharge profiles with an electricity-dispatch model," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 1617-1629, March.
    6. Bradley, Thomas H. & Frank, Andrew A., 2009. "Design, demonstrations and sustainability impact assessments for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(1), pages 115-128, January.
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    Cited by:

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    4. H. Christopher Frey & Xiaohui Zheng & Jiangchuan Hu, 2020. "Variability in Measured Real-World Operational Energy Use and Emission Rates of a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-23, March.
    5. Cong Hou & Hewu Wang & Minggao Ouyang, 2014. "Battery Sizing for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Beijing: A TCO Model Based Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(8), pages 1-26, August.
    6. Sharma, Reema Bera & Majumdar, Bandhan Bandhu & Maitra, Bhargab, 2024. "Commuter and non-commuter preferences for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle: A case study of Delhi and Kolkata, India," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    7. Robin Smit & Daniel William Kennedy, 2022. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Performance of Electric and Fossil-Fueled Passenger Vehicles with Uncertainty Estimates Using a Probabilistic Life-Cycle Assessment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-29, March.
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