IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/enepol/v39y2011i10p5871-5882.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Battery sizing for serial plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: A model-based economic analysis for Germany

Author

Listed:
  • Ernst, Christian-Simon
  • Hackbarth, André
  • Madlener, Reinhard
  • Lunz, Benedikt
  • Uwe Sauer, Dirk
  • Eckstein, Lutz

Abstract

The battery size of a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) is decisive for the electrical range of the vehicle and crucial for the cost-effectiveness of this particular vehicle concept. Based on the energy consumption of a conventional reference car and a PHEV, we introduce a comprehensive total cost of ownership model for the average car user in Germany for both vehicle types. The model takes into account the purchase price, fixed annual costs and variable operating costs. The amortization time of a PHEV also depends on the recharging strategy (once a day, once a night, after each trip), the battery size, and the battery costs. We find that PHEVs with a 4kWh battery and at current lithium-ion battery prices reach the break-even point after about 6 years (5 years when using the lower night-time electricity tariffs). With higher battery capacities the amortization time becomes significantly longer. Even for the small battery size and assuming the EU-15 electricity mix, a PHEV is found to emit only around 60% of the CO2 emissions of a comparable conventional car. Thus, with the PHEV concept a cost-effective introduction of electric mobility and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions per vehicle can be reached.

Suggested Citation

  • Ernst, Christian-Simon & Hackbarth, André & Madlener, Reinhard & Lunz, Benedikt & Uwe Sauer, Dirk & Eckstein, Lutz, 2011. "Battery sizing for serial plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: A model-based economic analysis for Germany," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(10), pages 5871-5882, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:39:y:2011:i:10:p:5871-5882
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421511004940
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Werber, Mathew & Fischer, Michael & Schwartz, Peter V., 2009. "Batteries: Lower cost than gasoline?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(7), pages 2465-2468, July.
    2. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Hirsh, Richard F., 2009. "Beyond batteries: An examination of the benefits and barriers to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transition," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 1095-1103, March.
    3. Achtnicht, Martin & Bühler, Georg & Hermeling, Claudia, 2008. "Impact of Service Station Networks on Purchase Decisions of Alternative-fuel Vehicles," ZEW Discussion Papers 08-088, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    4. Sioshansi, Ramteen & Fagiani, Riccardo & Marano, Vincenzo, 2010. "Cost and emissions impacts of plug-in hybrid vehicles on the Ohio power system," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(11), pages 6703-6712, November.
    5. Mazur, Christoph & Madlener, Reinhard, 2010. "Impact of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Charging Regimes on Power Generation Costs and Emissions in Germany," FCN Working Papers 20/2010, E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN).
    6. Shiau, Ching-Shin Norman & Samaras, Constantine & Hauffe, Richard & Michalek, Jeremy J., 2009. "Impact of battery weight and charging patterns on the economic and environmental benefits of plug-in hybrid vehicles," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(7), pages 2653-2663, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Jargstorf, Johannes & Wickert, Manuel, 2013. "Offer of secondary reserve with a pool of electric vehicles on the German market," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 185-195.
    2. Mariusz Izdebski & Marianna Jacyna, 2021. "An Efficient Hybrid Algorithm for Energy Expenditure Estimation for Electric Vehicles in Urban Service Enterprises," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-23, April.
    3. Armando Cartenì & Ilaria Henke & Clorinda Molitierno & Luigi Di Francesco, 2020. "Strong Sustainability in Public Transport Policies: An e-Mobility Bus Fleet Application in Sorrento Peninsula (Italy)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-19, August.
    4. Cong Hou & Hewu Wang & Minggao Ouyang, 2014. "Battery Sizing for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Beijing: A TCO Model Based Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(8), pages 1-26, August.
    5. Joshua Allwright & Akhlaqur Rahman & Marcus Coleman & Ambarish Kulkarni, 2022. "Heavy Multi-Articulated Vehicles with Electric and Hybrid Power Trains for Road Freight Activity: An Australian Context," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-19, August.
    6. Lawrence Fulton, 2020. "A Publicly Available Simulation of Battery Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Gas-Powered Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-15, May.
    7. Aileen Lam, 2013. "Projections of future emissions and energy use from passenger cars as a result of policies in the EU with a dynamic model of technological change," 4CMR Working Paper Series 005, University of Cambridge, Department of Land Economy, Cambridge Centre for Climate Change Mitigation Research.
    8. Kannan, Ramachandran & Hirschberg, Stefan, 2016. "Interplay between electricity and transport sectors – Integrating the Swiss car fleet and electricity system," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 514-531.
    9. Higgins, Andrew & Grozev, George & Ren, Zhengen & Garner, Stephen & Walden, Glenn & Taylor, Michelle, 2014. "Modelling future uptake of distributed energy resources under alternative tariff structures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 455-463.
    10. Brouwer, Anne Sjoerd & Kuramochi, Takeshi & van den Broek, Machteld & Faaij, André, 2013. "Fulfilling the electricity demand of electric vehicles in the long term future: An evaluation of centralized and decentralized power supply systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 33-51.
    11. Redelbach, Martin & Özdemir, Enver Doruk & Friedrich, Horst E., 2014. "Optimizing battery sizes of plug-in hybrid and extended range electric vehicles for different user types," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 158-168.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yabe, Kuniaki & Shinoda, Yukio & Seki, Tomomichi & Tanaka, Hideo & Akisawa, Atsushi, 2012. "Market penetration speed and effects on CO2 reduction of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in Japan," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 529-540.
    2. Schill, Wolf-Peter, 2011. "Electric Vehicles in Imperfect Electricity Markets: The case of Germany," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 39(10), pages 6178-6189.
    3. Traut, Elizabeth & Hendrickson, Chris & Klampfl, Erica & Liu, Yimin & Michalek, Jeremy J., 2012. "Optimal design and allocation of electrified vehicles and dedicated charging infrastructure for minimum life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and cost," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 524-534.
    4. Hidrue, Michael K. & Parsons, George R., 2015. "Is there a near-term market for vehicle-to-grid electric vehicles?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 67-76.
    5. Georg Jäger & Christian Hofer & Manfred Füllsack, 2019. "The Benefits of Randomly Delayed Charging of Electric Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(13), pages 1-11, July.
    6. Katrašnik, Tomaž, 2013. "Impact of vehicle propulsion electrification on Well-to-Wheel CO2 emissions of a medium duty truck," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 236-247.
    7. Zhang, Xiang, 2014. "Reference-dependent electric vehicle production strategy considering subsidies and consumer trade-offs," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 422-430.
    8. Daziano, Ricardo A. & Chiew, Esther, 2012. "Electric vehicles rising from the dead: Data needs for forecasting consumer response toward sustainable energy sources in personal transportation," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 876-894.
    9. Kelly, Jarod C. & MacDonald, Jason S. & Keoleian, Gregory A., 2012. "Time-dependent plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging based on national driving patterns and demographics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 395-405.
    10. Peng Cheng & Zhe Ouyang & Yang Liu, 0. "The effect of information overload on the intention of consumers to adopt electric vehicles," Transportation, Springer, vol. 0, pages 1-20.
    11. Bernstein, Ronald & Madlener, Reinhard, 2011. "Responsiveness of Residential Electricity Demand in OECD Countries: A Panel Cointegation and Causality Analysis," FCN Working Papers 8/2011, E.ON Energy Research Center, Future Energy Consumer Needs and Behavior (FCN).
    12. Xingping Zhang & Rao Rao & Jian Xie & Yanni Liang, 2014. "The Current Dilemma and Future Path of China’s Electric Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 6(3), pages 1-27, March.
    13. Juul, Nina, 2012. "Battery prices and capacity sensitivity: Electric drive vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 47(1), pages 403-410.
    14. Marletto, Gerardo, 2011. "Structure, agency and change in the car regime. A review of the literature," European Transport \ Trasporti Europei, ISTIEE, Institute for the Study of Transport within the European Economic Integration, issue 47, pages 71-88.
    15. Cowan, Kelly R. & Daim, Tugrul U., 2011. "Review of technology acquisition and adoption research in the energy sector," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 33(3), pages 183-199.
    16. Axsen, Jonn & Kurani, Kenneth S., 2013. "Hybrid, plug-in hybrid, or electric—What do car buyers want?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 532-543.
    17. Du, Jiuyu & Chen, Jingfu & Song, Ziyou & Gao, Mingming & Ouyang, Minggao, 2017. "Design method of a power management strategy for variable battery capacities range-extended electric vehicles to improve energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 32-42.
    18. Timothy M. Sweda & Irina S. Dolinskaya & Diego Klabjan, 2017. "Adaptive Routing and Recharging Policies for Electric Vehicles," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 51(4), pages 1326-1348, November.
    19. Howard, B. & Waite, M. & Modi, V., 2017. "Current and near-term GHG emissions factors from electricity production for New York State and New York City," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 255-271.
    20. Raslavičius, Laurencas & Azzopardi, Brian & Keršys, Artūras & Starevičius, Martynas & Bazaras, Žilvinas & Makaras, Rolandas, 2015. "Electric vehicles challenges and opportunities: Lithuanian review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 786-800.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:39:y:2011:i:10:p:5871-5882. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/enpol .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.