IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v17y2024i7p1551-d1362796.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Crude Palm Oil through Non-Alcohol Synthesis Route Using Dimethyl Carbonate and Immobilized Eco-Enzyme Catalyst

Author

Listed:
  • Reza Nageubri Balfas

    (Renewable Energy Engineering Magister Program, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Jalan Batam, Bukit Indah, Muara Satu, Lhokseumawe 24352, Indonesia)

  • Azhari Muhammad Syam

    (Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Jalan Batam, Bukit Indah, Muara Satu, Lhokseumawe 24352, Indonesia
    Biodiesel Research and Innovation Center (BRAIN), Universitas Malikussaleh, Jalan Irian, Bukit Indah, Muara Satu, Lhokseumawe 24352, Indonesia)

  • Muhammad Muhammad

    (Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Jalan Batam, Bukit Indah, Muara Satu, Lhokseumawe 24352, Indonesia)

  • Adi Setiawan

    (Biodiesel Research and Innovation Center (BRAIN), Universitas Malikussaleh, Jalan Irian, Bukit Indah, Muara Satu, Lhokseumawe 24352, Indonesia
    Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Jalan Batam, Bukit Indah, Muara Satu, Lhokseumawe 24352, Indonesia)

  • Herman Fithra

    (Biodiesel Research and Innovation Center (BRAIN), Universitas Malikussaleh, Jalan Irian, Bukit Indah, Muara Satu, Lhokseumawe 24352, Indonesia
    Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Jalan Batam, Bukit Indah, Muara Satu, Lhokseumawe 24352, Indonesia)

Abstract

Biodiesel, an alternative to traditional diesel, is essential for the sustainability of long-term energy supplies and often synthesized through a non-alcoholic route called interesterification. The described synthesis method facilitates the modification of oil and fat by exchanging acyl radical groups between triglyceride and alcoholic acid (alcoholysis), fat (acidolysis), or ester (transesterification). Therefore, this research aimed to determine the effect of the reactant ratio between crude palm oil (CPO) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), along with the use of an eco-enzyme catalyst, on biodiesel characteristics. The CPO:DMC ratio was 1:1.5, 1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3, while the immobilized eco-enzyme catalyst was 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6% of CPO mass. The results showed that interesterification with a 1:3 reactant ratio using a 4%wt catalyst was the best procedure, producing biodiesel yield of 73.65%, density of 0.860 g/mL, viscosity of 4.63 mm 2 /s (cSt), flash point of 113 °C, calorific value of 34.454 MJ/kg, and cetane number of 70.6%.

Suggested Citation

  • Reza Nageubri Balfas & Azhari Muhammad Syam & Muhammad Muhammad & Adi Setiawan & Herman Fithra, 2024. "Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Crude Palm Oil through Non-Alcohol Synthesis Route Using Dimethyl Carbonate and Immobilized Eco-Enzyme Catalyst," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-16, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:7:p:1551-:d:1362796
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/7/1551/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/7/1551/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Christopher, Lew P. & Hemanathan Kumar, & Zambare, Vasudeo P., 2014. "Enzymatic biodiesel: Challenges and opportunities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 497-520.
    2. Simões, S.S. & Ribeiro, J.S. & Celante, D. & Brondani, L.N. & Castilhos, F., 2020. "Heterogeneous catalyst screening for fatty acid methyl esters production through interesterification reaction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 719-726.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zhang, Xiaolei & Yan, Song & Tyagi, Rajeshwar D. & Surampalli, RaoY. & Valéro, Jose R., 2014. "Wastewater sludge as raw material for microbial oils production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 192-201.
    2. Luigi Pari & Francesco Latterini & Walter Stefanoni, 2020. "Herbaceous Oil Crops, a Review on Mechanical Harvesting State of the Art," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-25, July.
    3. Cédric Decarpigny & Abdulhadi Aljawish & Cédric His & Bertrand Fertin & Muriel Bigan & Pascal Dhulster & Michel Millares & Rénato Froidevaux, 2022. "Bioprocesses for the Biodiesel Production from Waste Oils and Valorization of Glycerol," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-30, May.
    4. Widdyaningsih, Liangna & Setiawan, Albert & Santoso, Shella Permatasari & Soetaredjo, Felycia Edi & Ismadji, Suryadi & Hartono, Sandy Budi & Ju, Yi-Hsu & Tran-Nguyen, Phuong Lan & Yuliana, Maria, 2020. "Feasibility study of nanocrystalline cellulose as adsorbent of steryl glucosides from palm-based biodiesel," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 99-106.
    5. Abdelmigeed, Mai O. & Al-Sakkari, Eslam G. & Hefney, Mahmoud S. & Ismail, Fatma M. & Abdelghany, Amr & Ahmed, Tamer S. & Ismail, Ibrahim M., 2021. "Magnetized ZIF-8 impregnated with sodium hydroxide as a heterogeneous catalyst for high-quality biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(P1), pages 405-419.
    6. Xie, Wenlei & Huang, Mengyun, 2020. "Fabrication of immobilized Candida rugosa lipase on magnetic Fe3O4-poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) composite as an efficient and recyclable biocatalyst for enzymatic production of biod," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 474-486.
    7. Abrahamsson, Johanna & Andreasson, Emil & Hansson, Niklas & Sandström, David & Wennberg, Ellinor & Maréchal, Manuel & Martinelli, Anna, 2015. "A Raman spectroscopic approach to investigate the production of biodiesel from soybean oil using 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids with intermediate chain length," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 763-770.
    8. Vávra, Aleš & Hájek, Martin & Skopal, Frantisek, 2017. "The removal of free fatty acids from methyl ester," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 695-700.
    9. Budžaki, Sandra & Miljić, Goran & Sundaram, Smitha & Tišma, Marina & Hessel, Volker, 2018. "Cost analysis of enzymatic biodiesel production in small-scaled packed-bed reactors," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 268-278.
    10. Abdullah, Sharifah Hanis Yasmin Sayid & Hanapi, Nur Hanis Mohamad & Azid, Azman & Umar, Roslan & Juahir, Hafizan & Khatoon, Helena & Endut, Azizah, 2017. "A review of biomass-derived heterogeneous catalyst for a sustainable biodiesel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 1040-1051.
    11. Tooba Touqeer & Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz & Hamid Mukhtar & Ahmad Irfan & Sadia Akram & Aroosh Shabbir & Umer Rashid & Imededdine Arbi Nehdi & Thomas Shean Yaw Choong, 2019. "Fe 3 O 4 -PDA-Lipase as Surface Functionalized Nano Biocatalyst for the Production of Biodiesel Using Waste Cooking Oil as Feedstock: Characterization and Process Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-19, December.
    12. Walter Stefanoni & Francesco Latterini & Javier Prieto Ruiz & Simone Bergonzoli & Consuelo Attolico & Luigi Pari, 2020. "Mechanical Harvesting of Camelina: Work Productivity, Costs and Seed Loss Evaluation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-14, October.
    13. Tran, Dang-Thuan & Chen, Ching-Lung & Chang, Jo-Shu, 2016. "Continuous biodiesel conversion via enzymatic transesterification catalyzed by immobilized Burkholderia lipase in a packed-bed bioreactor," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 340-350.
    14. Ishtiaq Ahmed & Muhammad Anjum Zia & Huma Afzal & Shaheez Ahmed & Muhammad Ahmad & Zain Akram & Farooq Sher & Hafiz M. N. Iqbal, 2021. "Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Valorisation: A Strategic Drive for Sustainable Bioeconomy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-32, April.
    15. Badoei-dalfard, Arastoo & Malekabadi, Saeid & Karami, Zahra & Sargazi, Ghasem, 2019. "Magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates of Km12 lipase: A stable nanobiocatalyst for biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 874-882.
    16. Papargyriou, Despoina & Broumidis, Emmanouil & de Vere-Tucker, Matthew & Gavrielides, Stelios & Hilditch, Paul & Irvine, John T.S. & Bonaccorso, Alfredo D., 2019. "Investigation of solid base catalysts for biodiesel production from fish oil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 661-669.
    17. Sujin, P. & Selva Roji, S. Sheeju & Kings, Ajith J. & Miriam, L.R. Monisha, 2024. "Optimization of engine performance, emission and combustion parameters by using mixed nonedible oil biodiesel with nano-additives using hybrid techniques," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    18. Gong, Shu-wen & Lu, Jing & Wang, Hong-hong & Liu, Li-jun & Zhang, Qian, 2014. "Biodiesel production via esterification of oleic acid catalyzed by picolinic acid modified 12-tungstophosphoric acid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 283-289.
    19. Du, ChangMing & Mo, JianMin & Tang, Jun & Huang, DongWei & Mo, ZhiXing & Wang, QingKun & Ma, ShiZhe & Chen, ZhongJie, 2014. "Plasma reforming of bio-ethanol for hydrogen rich gas production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 70-79.
    20. Sitepu, Eko K. & Heimann, Kirsten & Raston, Colin L. & Zhang, Wei, 2020. "Critical evaluation of process parameters for direct biodiesel production from diverse feedstock," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:7:p:1551-:d:1362796. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.