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Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Crude Palm Oil through Non-Alcohol Synthesis Route Using Dimethyl Carbonate and Immobilized Eco-Enzyme Catalyst

Author

Listed:
  • Reza Nageubri Balfas

    (Renewable Energy Engineering Magister Program, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Jalan Batam, Bukit Indah, Muara Satu, Lhokseumawe 24352, Indonesia)

  • Azhari Muhammad Syam

    (Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Jalan Batam, Bukit Indah, Muara Satu, Lhokseumawe 24352, Indonesia
    Biodiesel Research and Innovation Center (BRAIN), Universitas Malikussaleh, Jalan Irian, Bukit Indah, Muara Satu, Lhokseumawe 24352, Indonesia)

  • Muhammad Muhammad

    (Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Jalan Batam, Bukit Indah, Muara Satu, Lhokseumawe 24352, Indonesia)

  • Adi Setiawan

    (Biodiesel Research and Innovation Center (BRAIN), Universitas Malikussaleh, Jalan Irian, Bukit Indah, Muara Satu, Lhokseumawe 24352, Indonesia
    Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Jalan Batam, Bukit Indah, Muara Satu, Lhokseumawe 24352, Indonesia)

  • Herman Fithra

    (Biodiesel Research and Innovation Center (BRAIN), Universitas Malikussaleh, Jalan Irian, Bukit Indah, Muara Satu, Lhokseumawe 24352, Indonesia
    Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Jalan Batam, Bukit Indah, Muara Satu, Lhokseumawe 24352, Indonesia)

Abstract

Biodiesel, an alternative to traditional diesel, is essential for the sustainability of long-term energy supplies and often synthesized through a non-alcoholic route called interesterification. The described synthesis method facilitates the modification of oil and fat by exchanging acyl radical groups between triglyceride and alcoholic acid (alcoholysis), fat (acidolysis), or ester (transesterification). Therefore, this research aimed to determine the effect of the reactant ratio between crude palm oil (CPO) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), along with the use of an eco-enzyme catalyst, on biodiesel characteristics. The CPO:DMC ratio was 1:1.5, 1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3, while the immobilized eco-enzyme catalyst was 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6% of CPO mass. The results showed that interesterification with a 1:3 reactant ratio using a 4%wt catalyst was the best procedure, producing biodiesel yield of 73.65%, density of 0.860 g/mL, viscosity of 4.63 mm 2 /s (cSt), flash point of 113 °C, calorific value of 34.454 MJ/kg, and cetane number of 70.6%.

Suggested Citation

  • Reza Nageubri Balfas & Azhari Muhammad Syam & Muhammad Muhammad & Adi Setiawan & Herman Fithra, 2024. "Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Crude Palm Oil through Non-Alcohol Synthesis Route Using Dimethyl Carbonate and Immobilized Eco-Enzyme Catalyst," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-16, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:7:p:1551-:d:1362796
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Christopher, Lew P. & Hemanathan Kumar, & Zambare, Vasudeo P., 2014. "Enzymatic biodiesel: Challenges and opportunities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 497-520.
    2. Simões, S.S. & Ribeiro, J.S. & Celante, D. & Brondani, L.N. & Castilhos, F., 2020. "Heterogeneous catalyst screening for fatty acid methyl esters production through interesterification reaction," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 719-726.
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