IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v16y2023i11p4520-d1163782.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Forecasting the Return of Carbon Price in the Chinese Market Based on an Improved Stacking Ensemble Algorithm

Author

Listed:
  • Peng Ye

    (School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China)

  • Yong Li

    (School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
    New Finance Research Center, International Institute of Finance, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Guangxi Road, Hefei 230026, China)

  • Abu Bakkar Siddik

    (School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China)

Abstract

Recently, carbon price forecasting has become critical for financial markets and environmental protection. Due to their dynamic, nonlinear, and high noise characteristics, predicting carbon prices is difficult. Machine learning forecasting often uses stacked ensemble algorithms. As a result, common stacking has many limitations when applied to time series data, as its cross-validation process disrupts the temporal sequentiality of the data. Using a double sliding window scheme, we proposed an improved stacking ensemble algorithm that avoided overfitting risks and maintained temporal sequentiality. We replaced cross-validation with walk-forward validation. Our empirical experiment involved the design of two dynamic forecasting frameworks utilizing the improved algorithm. This incorporated forecasting models from different domains as base learners. We used three popular machine learning models as the meta-model to integrate the predictions of each base learner, further narrowing the gap between the final predictions and the observations. The empirical part of this study used the return of carbon prices from the Shenzhen carbon market in China as the prediction target. This verified the enhanced accuracy of the modified stacking algorithm through the use of five statistical metrics and the model confidence set (MCS). Furthermore, we constructed a portfolio to examine the practical usefulness of the improved stacking algorithm. Empirical results showed that the improved stacking algorithm could significantly and robustly improve model prediction accuracy. Support vector machines (SVR) aggregated results better than the other two meta-models (Random forest and XGBoost) in the aggregation step. In different volatility states, the modified stacking algorithm performed differently. We also found that aggressive investment strategies can help investors achieve higher investment returns with carbon option assets.

Suggested Citation

  • Peng Ye & Yong Li & Abu Bakkar Siddik, 2023. "Forecasting the Return of Carbon Price in the Chinese Market Based on an Improved Stacking Ensemble Algorithm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-39, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:11:p:4520-:d:1163782
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/11/4520/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/11/4520/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Xiping Wang & Yaqi Wang, 2016. "A Hybrid Model of EMD and PSO-SVR for Short-Term Load Forecasting in Residential Quarters," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, vol. 2016, pages 1-10, December.
    2. Cheng, Xu & Hansen, Bruce E., 2015. "Forecasting with factor-augmented regression: A frequentist model averaging approach," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 186(2), pages 280-293.
    3. Barbara Rossi & Atsushi Inoue, 2012. "Out-of-Sample Forecast Tests Robust to the Choice of Window Size," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(3), pages 432-453, April.
    4. Chao Zhang & Yihang Zhao & Huiru Zhao, 2022. "A Novel Hybrid Price Prediction Model for Multimodal Carbon Emission Trading Market Based on CEEMDAN Algorithm and Window-Based XGBoost Approach," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(21), pages 1-16, November.
    5. Nelson, Daniel B, 1991. "Conditional Heteroskedasticity in Asset Returns: A New Approach," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 59(2), pages 347-370, March.
    6. Zhao, Albert Bo & Cheng, Tingting, 2022. "Stock return prediction: Stacking a variety of models," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 288-317.
    7. Liu, Min & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2021. "Capturing the dynamics of the China crude oil futures: Markov switching, co-movement, and volatility forecasting," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    8. Zhu, Bangzhu & Wei, Yiming, 2013. "Carbon price forecasting with a novel hybrid ARIMA and least squares support vector machines methodology," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 41(3), pages 517-524.
    9. Zhang, Fang & Xia, Yan, 2022. "Carbon price prediction models based on online news information analytics," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 46(PA).
    10. Shi, Yanlin & Ho, Kin-Yip & Liu, Wai-Man, 2016. "Public information arrival and stock return volatility: Evidence from news sentiment and Markov Regime-Switching Approach," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 291-312.
    11. Benz, Eva & Trück, Stefan, 2009. "Modeling the price dynamics of CO2 emission allowances," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 4-15, January.
    12. Kim, Hyun Hak & Swanson, Norman R., 2014. "Forecasting financial and macroeconomic variables using data reduction methods: New empirical evidence," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 178(P2), pages 352-367.
    13. Lu Zhang & Junbiao Zhang & Tao Xiong & Chiao Su, 2017. "Interval Forecasting of Carbon Futures Prices Using a Novel Hybrid Approach with Exogenous Variables," Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, Hindawi, vol. 2017, pages 1-12, August.
    14. Shenghua Xiong & Chunfeng Wang & Zhenming Fang & Dan Ma, 2019. "Multi-Step-Ahead Carbon Price Forecasting Based on Variational Mode Decomposition and Fast Multi-Output Relevance Vector Regression Optimized by the Multi-Objective Whale Optimization Algorithm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-21, January.
    15. Miguel A. Jaramillo-Morán & Daniel Fernández-Martínez & Agustín García-García & Diego Carmona-Fernández, 2021. "Improving Artificial Intelligence Forecasting Models Performance with Data Preprocessing: European Union Allowance Prices Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-23, November.
    16. Liu, Jing & Ma, Feng & Tang, Yingkai & Zhang, Yaojie, 2019. "Geopolitical risk and oil volatility: A new insight," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    17. Byun, Suk Joon & Cho, Hangjun, 2013. "Forecasting carbon futures volatility using GARCH models with energy volatilities," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 207-221.
    18. Zhao, Xin & Han, Meng & Ding, Lili & Kang, Wanglin, 2018. "Usefulness of economic and energy data at different frequencies for carbon price forecasting in the EU ETS," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C), pages 132-141.
    19. French, Kenneth R. & Schwert, G. William & Stambaugh, Robert F., 1987. "Expected stock returns and volatility," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 19(1), pages 3-29, September.
    20. Quande Qin & Huangda He & Li Li & Ling-Yun He, 2020. "A Novel Decomposition-Ensemble Based Carbon Price Forecasting Model Integrated with Local Polynomial Prediction," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 55(4), pages 1249-1273, April.
    21. Hui Zou & Trevor Hastie, 2005. "Addendum: Regularization and variable selection via the elastic net," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 67(5), pages 768-768, November.
    22. Hamilton, James D. & Susmel, Raul, 1994. "Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity and changes in regime," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 64(1-2), pages 307-333.
    23. Zhu, Bangzhu & Ye, Shunxin & Wang, Ping & He, Kaijian & Zhang, Tao & Wei, Yi-Ming, 2018. "A novel multiscale nonlinear ensemble leaning paradigm for carbon price forecasting," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 143-157.
    24. Po Yun & Chen Zhang & Yaqi Wu & Yu Yang, 2022. "Forecasting Carbon Dioxide Price Using a Time-Varying High-Order Moment Hybrid Model of NAGARCHSK and Gated Recurrent Unit Network," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-19, January.
    25. Hui Zou & Trevor Hastie, 2005. "Regularization and variable selection via the elastic net," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 67(2), pages 301-320, April.
    26. Jianguo Zhou & Xuechao Yu & Xiaolei Yuan, 2018. "Predicting the Carbon Price Sequence in the Shenzhen Emissions Exchange Using a Multiscale Ensemble Forecasting Model Based on Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-17, July.
    27. Segnon, Mawuli & Lux, Thomas & Gupta, Rangan, 2017. "Modeling and forecasting the volatility of carbon dioxide emission allowance prices: A review and comparison of modern volatility models," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 692-704.
    28. Tan, Xueping & Sirichand, Kavita & Vivian, Andrew & Wang, Xinyu, 2022. "Forecasting European carbon returns using dimension reduction techniques: Commodity versus financial fundamentals," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(3), pages 944-969.
    29. Bruce E. Hansen, 2007. "Least Squares Model Averaging," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 75(4), pages 1175-1189, July.
    30. Zhu, Bangzhu & Han, Dong & Wang, Ping & Wu, Zhanchi & Zhang, Tao & Wei, Yi-Ming, 2017. "Forecasting carbon price using empirical mode decomposition and evolutionary least squares support vector regression," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 521-530.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Tan, Xueping & Sirichand, Kavita & Vivian, Andrew & Wang, Xinyu, 2022. "Forecasting European carbon returns using dimension reduction techniques: Commodity versus financial fundamentals," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(3), pages 944-969.
    2. Chen, Linfei & Zhao, Xuefeng, 2024. "A multiscale and multivariable differentiated learning for carbon price forecasting," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    3. Huang, Wenyang & Zhao, Jianyu & Wang, Xiaokang, 2024. "Model-driven multimodal LSTM-CNN for unbiased structural forecasting of European Union allowances open-high-low-close price," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    4. Katarzyna Rudnik & Anna Hnydiuk-Stefan & Aneta Kucińska-Landwójtowicz & Łukasz Mach, 2022. "Forecasting Day-Ahead Carbon Price by Modelling Its Determinants Using the PCA-Based Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-23, October.
    5. Huang, Yumeng & Dai, Xingyu & Wang, Qunwei & Zhou, Dequn, 2021. "A hybrid model for carbon price forecastingusing GARCH and long short-term memory network," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    6. Jesús Molina‐Muñoz & Andrés Mora‐Valencia & Javier Perote, 2024. "Predicting carbon and oil price returns using hybrid models based on machine and deep learning," Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 31(2), June.
    7. Qi, Shaozhou & Cheng, Shihan & Tan, Xiujie & Feng, Shenghao & Zhou, Qi, 2022. "Predicting China's carbon price based on a multi-scale integrated model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    8. Lei, Heng & Xue, Minggao & Liu, Huiling, 2022. "Probability distribution forecasting of carbon allowance prices: A hybrid model considering multiple influencing factors," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
    9. Norman R. Swanson & Weiqi Xiong, 2018. "Big data analytics in economics: What have we learned so far, and where should we go from here?," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 51(3), pages 695-746, August.
    10. Xu, Hua & Wang, Minggang & Jiang, Shumin & Yang, Weiguo, 2020. "Carbon price forecasting with complex network and extreme learning machine," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 545(C).
    11. Houjian Li & Xinya Huang & Deheng Zhou & Andi Cao & Mengying Su & Yufeng Wang & Lili Guo, 2022. "Forecasting Carbon Price in China: A Multimodel Comparison," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(10), pages 1-16, May.
    12. Peng Chen & Andrew Vivian & Cheng Ye, 2022. "Forecasting carbon futures price: a hybrid method incorporating fuzzy entropy and extreme learning machine," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 313(1), pages 559-601, June.
    13. Zhao, Xin & Han, Meng & Ding, Lili & Kang, Wanglin, 2018. "Usefulness of economic and energy data at different frequencies for carbon price forecasting in the EU ETS," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C), pages 132-141.
    14. Wen Zhang & Zhibin Wu, 2022. "Optimal hybrid framework for carbon price forecasting using time series analysis and least squares support vector machine," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(3), pages 615-632, April.
    15. Kaijian He & Qian Yang & Lei Ji & Jingcheng Pan & Yingchao Zou, 2023. "Financial Time Series Forecasting with the Deep Learning Ensemble Model," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-15, February.
    16. Wang, Jiqian & Guo, Xiaozhu & Tan, Xueping & Chevallier, Julien & Ma, Feng, 2023. "Which exogenous driver is informative in forecasting European carbon volatility: Bond, commodity, stock or uncertainty?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    17. Jianguo Zhou & Dongfeng Chen, 2021. "Carbon Price Forecasting Based on Improved CEEMDAN and Extreme Learning Machine Optimized by Sparrow Search Algorithm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-20, April.
    18. Wang, Piao & Tao, Zhifu & Liu, Jinpei & Chen, Huayou, 2023. "Improving the forecasting accuracy of interval-valued carbon price from a novel multi-scale framework with outliers detection: An improved interval-valued time series analysis mode," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    19. Gao, Feng & Shao, Xueyan, 2022. "A novel interval decomposition ensemble model for interval carbon price forecasting," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    20. Wei Sun & Ming Duan, 2019. "Analysis and Forecasting of the Carbon Price in China’s Regional Carbon Markets Based on Fast Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition, Phase Space Reconstruction, and an Improved Extreme Learning Machin," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-27, January.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:11:p:4520-:d:1163782. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.