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Measurement of Sub-23 nm Particles Emitted from PFI/DI SI Engine Fueled with Oxygenated Fuels: A Comparison between Conventional and Novel Methodologies

Author

Listed:
  • Francesco Catapano

    (Institute of Science and Technology for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS)—CNR, Via G. Marconi 4, 80125 Naples, Italy)

  • Silvana Di Iorio

    (Institute of Science and Technology for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS)—CNR, Via G. Marconi 4, 80125 Naples, Italy)

  • Agnese Magno

    (Institute of Science and Technology for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS)—CNR, Via G. Marconi 4, 80125 Naples, Italy)

  • Paolo Sementa

    (Institute of Science and Technology for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS)—CNR, Via G. Marconi 4, 80125 Naples, Italy)

  • Bianca Maria Vaglieco

    (Institute of Science and Technology for Sustainable Energy and Mobility (STEMS)—CNR, Via G. Marconi 4, 80125 Naples, Italy)

Abstract

This study focuses on the measurement of sub-23 nm particles emitted from a small DI/PFI spark ignition engine through conventional techniques and innovative systems. Measurements were performed with well-known systems, such as the EEPS coupled to a PMP-compliant sample conditioning device. Moreover, a novel instrument developed within the European project Sureal-23, the advanced HM-DMA, capable of operating with a simplified conditioning setup was used. The engine was fueled with ethanol, both pure and in blend at 30% v / v . The effects of fuel on the particle emissions were analyzed at different operating conditions. The results highlighted that a larger fraction of emissions consists of particles smaller than 23 nm, and their number changes according to the fuel, injection strategy and operating condition. A significant effect of the sampling system conditions was observed reveling the inception of nucleation mode particles or the condensation of the volatiles onto existing particles depending on the combination fuel/injection strategy. Different trends were noted at certain operating conditions between the results from the EEPS and the advanced HM-DMA ascribable to the different measurement principle and to the dilution system.

Suggested Citation

  • Francesco Catapano & Silvana Di Iorio & Agnese Magno & Paolo Sementa & Bianca Maria Vaglieco, 2022. "Measurement of Sub-23 nm Particles Emitted from PFI/DI SI Engine Fueled with Oxygenated Fuels: A Comparison between Conventional and Novel Methodologies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-14, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:6:p:2021-:d:768206
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Catapano, Francesco & Di Iorio, Silvana & Magno, Agnese & Vaglieco, Bianca Maria, 2022. "Effect of fuel quality on combustion evolution and particle emissions from PFI and GDI engines fueled with gasoline, ethanol and blend, with focus on 10–23 nm particles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PB).
    2. James W. G. Turner & Andrew G. J. Lewis & Sam Akehurst & Chris J. Brace & Sebastian Verhelst & Jeroen Vancoillie & Louis Sileghem & Felix C. P. Leach & Peter P. Edwards, 2020. "Alcohol Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines: Performance, Efficiency, and Emission Effects at Mid to High Blend Rates for Ternary Mixtures," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-31, December.
    3. Liu, Haoye & Li, Ziyang & Xu, Hongming & Ma, Xiao & Shuai, Shijin, 2020. "Nucleation mode particle evolution in a gasoline direct injection engine with/without a three-way catalyst converter," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    4. Mohsin Raza & Longfei Chen & Felix Leach & Shiting Ding, 2018. "A Review of Particulate Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines and Their Control Techniques," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-26, June.
    5. Awad, Omar I. & Mamat, R. & Ibrahim, Thamir K. & Hammid, Ali Thaeer & Yusri, I.M. & Hamidi, Mohd Adnin & Humada, Ali M. & Yusop, A.F., 2018. "Overview of the oxygenated fuels in spark ignition engine: Environmental and performance," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 394-408.
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    Cited by:

    1. Silvana Di Iorio & Francesco Catapano & Agnese Magno & Paolo Sementa & Bianca Maria Vaglieco, 2023. "The Potential of Ethanol/Methanol Blends as Renewable Fuels for DI SI Engines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-15, March.
    2. Jacek Pielecha & Kinga Skobiej & Maciej Gis & Wojciech Gis, 2022. "Particle Number Emission from Vehicles of Various Drives in the RDE Tests," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-20, September.

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