IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v13y2020i11p2993-d369816.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Impact of Climate Change on Wave Energy Resource in the Mediterranean Coast of Morocco

Author

Listed:
  • Joan Pau Sierra

    (Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, Jordi Girona 1–3, Mòdul D1, Campus Nord, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
    Centre Internacional d’Investigació dels Recursos Costaners (CIIRC), Jordi Girona 1–3, Mòdul D1, Campus Nord, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain)

  • Ricard Castrillo

    (Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, Jordi Girona 1–3, Mòdul D1, Campus Nord, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain)

  • Marc Mestres

    (Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, Jordi Girona 1–3, Mòdul D1, Campus Nord, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
    Centre Internacional d’Investigació dels Recursos Costaners (CIIRC), Jordi Girona 1–3, Mòdul D1, Campus Nord, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain)

  • César Mösso

    (Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTech, Jordi Girona 1–3, Mòdul D1, Campus Nord, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
    Centre Internacional d’Investigació dels Recursos Costaners (CIIRC), Jordi Girona 1–3, Mòdul D1, Campus Nord, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain)

  • Piero Lionello

    (Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
    EuroMediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), 73100 Lecce, Italy)

  • Luigi Marzo

    (Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy)

Abstract

The increasing demand for energy and the impacts generated by CO 2 emissions make it necessary to harness all possible renewable sources of energy, like wave power. Nevertheless, climate change may generate significant variations in the amount of wave energy available in a certain area. The aim of this paper is to study potential changes in the wave energy resource in the Mediterranean coast of Morocco due to climate change. To do this, wave datasets obtained by four institutes during the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment in the Mediterranean Region (Med-CORDEX) project are used. The future conditions correspond to the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios from the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The results show that projected future wave power is very similar to that of the present considering the whole area, although at some specific points there are slight changes that are more evident for the RCP8.5 scenario. Another remarkable result of this study is the significant increase of the temporal variability of wave power in future scenarios, in particular for RCP8.5. This will be detrimental for the deployment of wave energy converters in this area since their energy output will be more unevenly distributed over time, thus decreasing their efficiency.

Suggested Citation

  • Joan Pau Sierra & Ricard Castrillo & Marc Mestres & César Mösso & Piero Lionello & Luigi Marzo, 2020. "Impact of Climate Change on Wave Energy Resource in the Mediterranean Coast of Morocco," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-19, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:11:p:2993-:d:369816
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/11/2993/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/11/2993/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mota, P. & Pinto, J.P., 2014. "Wave energy potential along the western Portuguese coast," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 8-17.
    2. Lucero, Felipe & Catalán, Patricio A. & Ossandón, Álvaro & Beyá, José & Puelma, Andrés & Zamorano, Luis, 2017. "Wave energy assessment in the central-south coast of Chile," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PA), pages 120-131.
    3. Sierra, J.P. & Martín, C. & Mösso, C. & Mestres, M. & Jebbad, R., 2016. "Wave energy potential along the Atlantic coast of Morocco," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA), pages 20-32.
    4. Arena, Felice & Laface, Valentina & Malara, Giovanni & Romolo, Alessandra & Viviano, Antonino & Fiamma, Vincenzo & Sannino, Gianmaria & Carillo, Adriana, 2015. "Wave climate analysis for the design of wave energy harvesters in the Mediterranean Sea," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 125-141.
    5. Rusu, Liliana & Guedes Soares, C., 2012. "Wave energy assessments in the Azores islands," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 183-196.
    6. Besio, G. & Mentaschi, L. & Mazzino, A., 2016. "Wave energy resource assessment in the Mediterranean Sea on the basis of a 35-year hindcast," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 50-63.
    7. Sierra, J.P. & Mösso, C. & González-Marco, D., 2014. "Wave energy resource assessment in Menorca (Spain)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 51-60.
    8. Bozzi, Silvia & Archetti, Renata & Passoni, Giuseppe, 2014. "Wave electricity production in Italian offshore: A preliminary investigation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 407-416.
    9. Vicinanza, D. & Contestabile, P. & Ferrante, V., 2013. "Wave energy potential in the north-west of Sardinia (Italy)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 506-521.
    10. Yana Saprykina & Sergey Kuznetsov, 2018. "Analysis of the Variability of Wave Energy Due to Climate Changes on the Example of the Black Sea," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-15, August.
    11. Venugopal, Vengatesan & Nemalidinne, Reddy, 2015. "Wave resource assessment for Scottish waters using a large scale North Atlantic spectral wave model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 503-525.
    12. Vincenzo Franzitta & Pietro Catrini & Domenico Curto, 2017. "Wave Energy Assessment along Sicilian Coastline, Based on DEIM Point Absorber," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-15, March.
    13. Gonçalves, Marta & Martinho, Paulo & Guedes Soares, C., 2018. "A 33-year hindcast on wave energy assessment in the western French coast," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PB), pages 790-801.
    14. Alain Ulazia & Markel Penalba & Arkaitz Rabanal & Gabriel Ibarra-Berastegi & John Ringwood & Jon Sáenz, 2018. "Historical Evolution of the Wave Resource and Energy Production off the Chilean Coast over the 20th Century," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-23, August.
    15. Monteforte, M. & Lo Re, C. & Ferreri, G.B., 2015. "Wave energy assessment in Sicily (Italy)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 276-287.
    16. Zheng, Chong Wei & Li, Chong Yin, 2015. "Variation of the wave energy and significant wave height in the China Sea and adjacent waters," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 381-387.
    17. Reeve, D.E. & Chen, Y. & Pan, S. & Magar, V. & Simmonds, D.J. & Zacharioudaki, A., 2011. "An investigation of the impacts of climate change on wave energy generation: The Wave Hub, Cornwall, UK," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(9), pages 2404-2413.
    18. Mackay, Edward B.L. & Bahaj, AbuBakr S. & Challenor, Peter G., 2010. "Uncertainty in wave energy resource assessment. Part 1: Historic data," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(8), pages 1792-1808.
    19. Ouammi, Ahmed & Zejli, Driss & Dagdougui, Hanane & Benchrifa, Rachid, 2012. "Artificial neural network analysis of Moroccan solar potential," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(7), pages 4876-4889.
    20. Jeremiah Pastor & Yucheng Liu, 2016. "Wave Climate Resource Analysis Based on a Revised Gamma Spectrum for Wave Energy Conversion Technology," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-14, December.
    21. George Lavidas & Vengatesan Venugopal, 2018. "Energy Production Benefits by Wind and Wave Energies for the Autonomous System of Crete," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-14, October.
    22. Lavidas, George & Venugopal, Vengatesan, 2017. "A 35 year high-resolution wave atlas for nearshore energy production and economics at the Aegean Sea," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 401-417.
    23. Sierra, Joan Pau & White, Adam & Mösso, Cesar & Mestres, Marc, 2017. "Assessment of the intra-annual and inter-annual variability of the wave energy resource in the Bay of Biscay (France)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 853-868.
    24. Penalba, Markel & Ulazia, Alain & Saénz, Jon & Ringwood, John V., 2020. "Impact of long-term resource variations on wave energy Farms: The Icelandic case," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    25. Iglesias, G. & Carballo, R., 2010. "Wave energy resource in the Estaca de Bares area (Spain)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(7), pages 1574-1584.
    26. Mark A. Hemer & Yalin Fan & Nobuhito Mori & Alvaro Semedo & Xiaolan L. Wang, 2013. "Projected changes in wave climate from a multi-model ensemble," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 3(5), pages 471-476, May.
    27. Iglesias, G. & Carballo, R., 2010. "Wave power for La Isla Bonita," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(12), pages 5013-5021.
    28. Zheng, Chong Wei & Wang, Qing & Li, Chong Yin, 2017. "An overview of medium- to long-term predictions of global wave energy resources," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 1492-1502.
    29. Mediavilla, D.G. & Sepúlveda, H.H., 2016. "Nearshore assessment of wave energy resources in central Chile (2009–2010)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 136-144.
    30. Iglesias, G. & Carballo, R., 2009. "Wave energy potential along the Death Coast (Spain)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(11), pages 1963-1975.
    31. Ouammi, Ahmed & Sacile, Roberto & Zejli, Driss & Mimet, Abdelaziz & Benchrifa, Rachid, 2010. "Sustainability of a wind power plant: Application to different Moroccan sites," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(10), pages 4226-4236.
    32. Nfaoui, H. & Essiarab, H. & Sayigh, A.A.M., 2004. "A stochastic Markov chain model for simulating wind speed time series at Tangiers, Morocco," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 29(8), pages 1407-1418.
    33. Vincenzo Franzitta & Domenico Curto & Daniele Milone & Davide Rao, 2016. "Assessment of Renewable Sources for the Energy Consumption in Malta in the Mediterranean Sea," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(12), pages 1-17, December.
    34. Sierra, J.P. & González-Marco, D. & Sospedra, J. & Gironella, X. & Mösso, C. & Sánchez-Arcilla, A., 2013. "Wave energy resource assessment in Lanzarote (Spain)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 480-489.
    35. Zeroual, A. & Ankrim, M. & Wilkinson, A.J., 1995. "Stochastic modelling of daily global solar radiation measured in Marrakesh, Morocco," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 6(7), pages 787-793.
    36. Mackay, Edward B.L. & Bahaj, AbuBakr S. & Challenor, Peter G., 2010. "Uncertainty in wave energy resource assessment. Part 2: Variability and predictability," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(8), pages 1809-1819.
    37. Iglesias, G. & Carballo, R., 2011. "Wave resource in El Hierro—an island towards energy self-sufficiency," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 689-698.
    38. Rusu, Eugen & Guedes Soares, C., 2012. "Wave energy pattern around the Madeira Islands," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 771-785.
    39. Gonçalves, Marta & Martinho, Paulo & Guedes Soares, C., 2014. "Assessment of wave energy in the Canary Islands," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 774-784.
    40. Takvor H. Soukissian & Dimitra Denaxa & Flora Karathanasi & Aristides Prospathopoulos & Konstantinos Sarantakos & Athanasia Iona & Konstantinos Georgantas & Spyridon Mavrakos, 2017. "Marine Renewable Energy in the Mediterranean Sea: Status and Perspectives," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-56, September.
    41. Morim, Joao & Cartwright, Nick & Etemad-Shahidi, Amir & Strauss, Darrell & Hemer, Mark, 2016. "Wave energy resource assessment along the Southeast coast of Australia on the basis of a 31-year hindcast," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 276-297.
    42. Lenee-Bluhm, Pukha & Paasch, Robert & Özkan-Haller, H. Tuba, 2011. "Characterizing the wave energy resource of the US Pacific Northwest," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(8), pages 2106-2119.
    43. Kousksou, T. & Allouhi, A. & Belattar, M. & Jamil, A. & El Rhafiki, T. & Arid, A. & Zeraouli, Y., 2015. "Renewable energy potential and national policy directions for sustainable development in Morocco," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 46-57.
    44. Sierra, J.P. & Casas-Prat, M. & Campins, E., 2017. "Impact of climate change on wave energy resource: The case of Menorca (Spain)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 275-285.
    45. Liberti, Luca & Carillo, Adriana & Sannino, Gianmaria, 2013. "Wave energy resource assessment in the Mediterranean, the Italian perspective," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 938-949.
    46. Hemer, Mark A. & Zieger, Stefan & Durrant, Tom & O'Grady, Julian & Hoeke, Ron K. & McInnes, Kathleen L. & Rosebrock, Uwe, 2017. "A revised assessment of Australia's national wave energy resource," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(PA), pages 85-107.
    47. Ulazia, Alain & Penalba, Markel & Ibarra-Berastegui, Gabriel & Ringwood, John & Saénz, Jon, 2017. "Wave energy trends over the Bay of Biscay and the consequences for wave energy converters," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 624-634.
    48. Vincenzo Franzitta & Domenico Curto, 2017. "Sustainability of the Renewable Energy Extraction Close to the Mediterranean Islands," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-19, February.
    49. Richard H. Moss & Jae A. Edmonds & Kathy A. Hibbard & Martin R. Manning & Steven K. Rose & Detlef P. van Vuuren & Timothy R. Carter & Seita Emori & Mikiko Kainuma & Tom Kram & Gerald A. Meehl & John F, 2010. "The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment," Nature, Nature, vol. 463(7282), pages 747-756, February.
    50. Valentina Vannucchi & Lorenzo Cappietti, 2016. "Wave Energy Assessment and Performance Estimation of State of the Art Wave Energy Converters in Italian Hotspots," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-21, December.
    51. Andrea Farkas & Nastia Degiuli & Ivana Martić, 2019. "Assessment of Offshore Wave Energy Potential in the Croatian Part of the Adriatic Sea and Comparison with Wind Energy Potential," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-20, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Eugen Rusu, 2022. "Marine Renewable Energy: An Important Direction in Taking the Green Road towards a Low Carbon Future," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-3, July.
    2. Evangelia Dialyna & Theocharis Tsoutsos, 2021. "Wave Energy in the Mediterranean Sea: Resource Assessment, Deployed WECs and Prospects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-18, August.
    3. Foteinis, Spyros, 2022. "Wave energy converters in low energy seas: Current state and opportunities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Morim, Joao & Cartwright, Nick & Etemad-Shahidi, Amir & Strauss, Darrell & Hemer, Mark, 2016. "Wave energy resource assessment along the Southeast coast of Australia on the basis of a 31-year hindcast," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 276-297.
    2. Sierra, J.P. & Martín, C. & Mösso, C. & Mestres, M. & Jebbad, R., 2016. "Wave energy potential along the Atlantic coast of Morocco," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA), pages 20-32.
    3. Gonçalves, Marta & Martinho, Paulo & Guedes Soares, C., 2020. "Wave energy assessment based on a 33-year hindcast for the Canary Islands," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 259-269.
    4. Sierra, J.P. & Casas-Prat, M. & Campins, E., 2017. "Impact of climate change on wave energy resource: The case of Menorca (Spain)," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 275-285.
    5. Besio, G. & Mentaschi, L. & Mazzino, A., 2016. "Wave energy resource assessment in the Mediterranean Sea on the basis of a 35-year hindcast," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 50-63.
    6. Evangelia Dialyna & Theocharis Tsoutsos, 2021. "Wave Energy in the Mediterranean Sea: Resource Assessment, Deployed WECs and Prospects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-18, August.
    7. Andrea Farkas & Nastia Degiuli & Ivana Martić, 2019. "Assessment of Offshore Wave Energy Potential in the Croatian Part of the Adriatic Sea and Comparison with Wind Energy Potential," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-20, June.
    8. Lin, Yifan & Dong, Sheng & Wang, Zhifeng & Guedes Soares, C., 2019. "Wave energy assessment in the China adjacent seas on the basis of a 20-year SWAN simulation with unstructured grids," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 275-295.
    9. Silva, Dina & Martinho, Paulo & Guedes Soares, C., 2018. "Wave energy distribution along the Portuguese continental coast based on a thirty three years hindcast," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 1064-1075.
    10. Américo S. Ribeiro & Maite deCastro & Liliana Rusu & Mariana Bernardino & João M. Dias & Moncho Gomez-Gesteira, 2020. "Evaluating the Future Efficiency of Wave Energy Converters along the NW Coast of the Iberian Peninsula," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-15, July.
    11. Bingölbali, Bilal & Jafali, Halid & Akpınar, Adem & Bekiroğlu, Serkan, 2020. "Wave energy potential and variability for the south west coasts of the Black Sea: The WEB-based wave energy atlas," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 136-150.
    12. Gonçalves, Marta & Martinho, Paulo & Guedes Soares, C., 2018. "A 33-year hindcast on wave energy assessment in the western French coast," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PB), pages 790-801.
    13. Sierra, Joan Pau & White, Adam & Mösso, Cesar & Mestres, Marc, 2017. "Assessment of the intra-annual and inter-annual variability of the wave energy resource in the Bay of Biscay (France)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 853-868.
    14. Alonso, Rodrigo & Solari, Sebastián & Teixeira, Luis, 2015. "Wave energy resource assessment in Uruguay," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P1), pages 683-696.
    15. Valentina Vannucchi & Lorenzo Cappietti, 2016. "Wave Energy Assessment and Performance Estimation of State of the Art Wave Energy Converters in Italian Hotspots," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(12), pages 1-21, December.
    16. Carlo Lo Re & Giorgio Manno & Giuseppe Ciraolo & Giovanni Besio, 2019. "Wave Energy Assessment around the Aegadian Islands (Sicily)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-20, January.
    17. Gonçalves, Marta & Martinho, Paulo & Guedes Soares, C., 2014. "Assessment of wave energy in the Canary Islands," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 774-784.
    18. Aristodemo, Francesco & Algieri Ferraro, Danilo, 2018. "Feasibility of WEC installations for domestic and public electrical supplies: A case study off the Calabrian coast," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 261-285.
    19. Masoud, Alaa A., 2022. "On the Nile Fan's wave power potential and controlling factors integrating spectral and geostatistical techniques," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 921-945.
    20. Bernardino, Mariana & Rusu, Liliana & Guedes Soares, C., 2017. "Evaluation of the wave energy resources in the Cape Verde Islands," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 316-326.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:11:p:2993-:d:369816. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.