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Dynamic relationships between tourist arrivals, immigrants, and crimes in the United States

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  • Mehmood, Shafaqat
  • Ahmad, Zahid
  • Khan, Ather Azim

Abstract

This paper investigates the dynamic relationships between tourist arrivals, immigrants, and crimes in the United States (U.S.) from 1984 to 2013. Our findings affirm the social structural perspectives (i.e. Merton's Strain theory and Social Disorganization theory), which contain a popular perception about the immigration and crime that they both go hand in hand. Results of bivariate analysis revealed that immigrants admitted by Europe, Mexico, and North America to U.S. are positively correlated with key crimes. Tourist arrivals positively influence crime rate only in short-run, which affirms the Opportunity Structural perspectives (i.e. Routine Activity and Hot Spot theories). Furthermore, immigrants positively influence tourist arrivals, which supports the Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR) empirical perspective. Therefore, concerned authorities can focus on environmental design initiative in concerned areas (i.e. immigrants' communities and tourists' cities). Furthermore, future research and implications are discussed.

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  • Mehmood, Shafaqat & Ahmad, Zahid & Khan, Ather Azim, 2016. "Dynamic relationships between tourist arrivals, immigrants, and crimes in the United States," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 383-392.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:touman:v:54:y:2016:i:c:p:383-392
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.12.010
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    5. Ka Shing Cheung & Chung Yim Yiu, 2023. "The paradox of airbnb, crime and house prices: A reconciliation," Tourism Economics, , vol. 29(5), pages 1412-1418, August.
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    9. Simplice A. Asongu & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2019. "The sustainability of tourism: global comparative evidence," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute. 19/094, African Governance and Development Institute..
    10. Simplice A. Asongu & Jacinta Nwachukwu, 2019. "Mitigating externalities of terrorism on tourism: global evidence from police, security officers and armed service personnel," Current Issues in Tourism, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(20), pages 2466-2471, December.
    11. Silva, Emmanuel Sirimal & Hassani, Hossein, 2022. "‘Modelling’ UK tourism demand using fashion retail sales," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    12. Simpson, Joseph J. & Simpson, Penny M. & Cruz-Milán, Oliver, 2016. "Attitude towards immigrants and security: Effects on destination-loyal tourists," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 373-386.
    13. Aurora Skrame & Claudio Ciancio & Vincenzo Corvello & Roberto Musmanno, 2020. "A Quantitative Model Supporting Socially Responsible Public Investment Decisions for Sustainable Tourism," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-9, June.
    14. Silva, Emmanuel Sirimal & Ghodsi, Zara & Ghodsi, Mansi & Heravi, Saeed & Hassani, Hossein, 2017. "Cross country relations in European tourist arrivals," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 151-168.
    15. Syed Abdul Rehman Khan & Danish Iqbal Godil & Zhang Yu & Farwa Abbas & Muhammad Asif Shamim, 2022. "Adoption of renewable energy sources, low‐carbon initiatives, and advanced logistical infrastructure—an step toward integrated global progress," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 30(1), pages 275-288, February.
    16. Cruz-Milán, Oliver & Simpson, Joseph J. & Simpson, Penny M. & Choi, Wonseok, 2016. "Reassurance or reason for concern: Security forces as a crisis management strategy," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 114-125.
    17. Natalia Tomczewska-Popowycz & Łukasz Quirini-Popławski, 2021. "Political Instability Equals the Collapse of Tourism in Ukraine?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-20, April.
    18. Gozgor, Giray & Lau, Chi Keung Marco & Zeng, Yan & Lin, Zhibin, 2019. "The effectiveness of the legal system and inbound tourism," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 24-35.
    19. Abdelmohsen A. Nassani & Abdullah Mohammed Aldakhil & Muhammad Moinuddin Qazi Abro & Khalid Zaman, 2018. "Effective International Tourism Management: A Strategic Approach," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 137(3), pages 1201-1224, June.
    20. Rufei Zhang & Haizhen Zhang & Qingzhu Fan & Wang Gao & Xue Luo & Shixiong Yang, 2022. "Partisan Conflict, National Security Policy Uncertainty and Tourism," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-22, August.
    21. Abdelmohsen A. Nassani & Khalid Zaman & Abdullah Mohammed Aldakhil & Muhammad Moinuddin Qazi Abro, 2017. "War economy and pleasure: assessing the effects of military expenditure on tourism growth," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 51(4), pages 1733-1754, July.
    22. Shafaqat Mehmood & Changyong Liang & Dongxiao Gu, 2018. "Heritage Image and Attitudes toward a Heritage Site: Do They Really Mediate the Relationship between User-Generated Content and Travel Intentions toward a Heritage Site?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-26, November.

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