IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v189y2024ipbs1364032123007621.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Phase change material (PCM) candidates for latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) in concentrated solar power (CSP) based thermal applications - A review

Author

Listed:
  • Jayathunga, D.S.
  • Karunathilake, H.P.
  • Narayana, M.
  • Witharana, S.

Abstract

Solar energy offers over 2,945,926 TWh/year of global Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) potential, that can be used to substitute fossil fuels in power generation and mitigate 2.1 GtCO2 of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission to support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations (UN). Thermal energy storage (TES) is required in CSP plants to improve dispatchability, reliability, efficiency, and economy. Of all TES options, the latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) together with phase change materials (PCMs) exhibit the highest potential in terms of efficiency and economy. PCM properties thus become the ultimate decider of CSP performance. This paper reviews over 200 of published articles and websites to describe the history, identify the technologies, economics, and current trends of PCM as LHTES material for CSP plants. A list of 163 PCM candidates suitable for LHTES systems in low-temperature (T < 220 °C), medium-temperature (220 °C < T < 420 °C), and high-temperature (T > 420 °C) applications is presented for the first time. Research gaps are identified to determine the future directions.

Suggested Citation

  • Jayathunga, D.S. & Karunathilake, H.P. & Narayana, M. & Witharana, S., 2024. "Phase change material (PCM) candidates for latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) in concentrated solar power (CSP) based thermal applications - A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:189:y:2024:i:pb:s1364032123007621
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113904
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032123007621
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113904?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kalogirou, Soteris, 2003. "The potential of solar industrial process heat applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 76(4), pages 337-361, December.
    2. Cabeza, L.F. & Castell, A. & Barreneche, C. & de Gracia, A. & Fernández, A.I., 2011. "Materials used as PCM in thermal energy storage in buildings: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(3), pages 1675-1695, April.
    3. Xu, Ben & Li, Peiwen & Chan, Cholik, 2015. "Application of phase change materials for thermal energy storage in concentrated solar thermal power plants: A review to recent developments," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 286-307.
    4. Zhao, C.Y. & Zhang, G.H., 2011. "Review on microencapsulated phase change materials (MEPCMs): Fabrication, characterization and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(8), pages 3813-3832.
    5. Nithyanandam, K. & Pitchumani, R., 2014. "Cost and performance analysis of concentrating solar power systems with integrated latent thermal energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 793-810.
    6. Rezaei, Ehsan & Barbato, Maurizio & Ortona, Alberto & Haussener, Sophia, 2020. "Design and optimization of a high-temperature latent heat storage unit," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    7. Nomura, Takahiro & Tabuchi, Kazuki & Zhu, Chunyu & Sheng, Nan & Wang, Shuangfeng & Akiyama, Tomohiro, 2015. "High thermal conductivity phase change composite with percolating carbon fiber network," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 678-685.
    8. Su, Weiguang & Darkwa, Jo & Kokogiannakis, Georgios, 2015. "Review of solid–liquid phase change materials and their encapsulation technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 373-391.
    9. Pizzolato, Alberto & Sharma, Ashesh & Maute, Kurt & Sciacovelli, Adriano & Verda, Vittorio, 2017. "Design of effective fins for fast PCM melting and solidification in shell-and-tube latent heat thermal energy storage through topology optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 210-227.
    10. Rostami, Sara & Afrand, Masoud & Shahsavar, Amin & Sheikholeslami, M. & Kalbasi, Rasool & Aghakhani, Saeed & Shadloo, Mostafa Safdari & Oztop, Hakan F., 2020. "A review of melting and freezing processes of PCM/nano-PCM and their application in energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    11. Ferrer, Gerard & Solé, Aran & Barreneche, Camila & Martorell, Ingrid & Cabeza, Luisa F., 2015. "Corrosion of metal containers for use in PCM energy storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 465-469.
    12. Peiró, Gerard & Gasia, Jaume & Miró, Laia & Cabeza, Luisa F., 2015. "Experimental evaluation at pilot plant scale of multiple PCMs (cascaded) vs. single PCM configuration for thermal energy storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 729-736.
    13. Tao, Y.B. & He, Ya-Ling, 2018. "A review of phase change material and performance enhancement method for latent heat storage system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 245-259.
    14. Liu, Ming & Saman, Wasim & Bruno, Frank, 2012. "Review on storage materials and thermal performance enhancement techniques for high temperature phase change thermal storage systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(4), pages 2118-2132.
    15. Kenisarin, Murat M., 2010. "High-temperature phase change materials for thermal energy storage," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 955-970, April.
    16. Mao, Qianjun, 2016. "Recent developments in geometrical configurations of thermal energy storage for concentrating solar power plant," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 320-327.
    17. Colella, Francesco & Sciacovelli, Adriano & Verda, Vittorio, 2012. "Numerical analysis of a medium scale latent energy storage unit for district heating systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 397-406.
    18. Liu, Ming & Steven Tay, N.H. & Bell, Stuart & Belusko, Martin & Jacob, Rhys & Will, Geoffrey & Saman, Wasim & Bruno, Frank, 2016. "Review on concentrating solar power plants and new developments in high temperature thermal energy storage technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 1411-1432.
    19. Fornarelli, F. & Camporeale, S.M. & Fortunato, B. & Torresi, M. & Oresta, P. & Magliocchetti, L. & Miliozzi, A. & Santo, G., 2016. "CFD analysis of melting process in a shell-and-tube latent heat storage for concentrated solar power plants," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 711-722.
    20. Alva, Guruprasad & Lin, Yaxue & Fang, Guiyin, 2018. "An overview of thermal energy storage systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 341-378.
    21. Zhang, H.L. & Baeyens, J. & Degrève, J. & Cacères, G., 2013. "Concentrated solar power plants: Review and design methodology," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 466-481.
    22. Wei, Gaosheng & Wang, Gang & Xu, Chao & Ju, Xing & Xing, Lijing & Du, Xiaoze & Yang, Yongping, 2018. "Selection principles and thermophysical properties of high temperature phase change materials for thermal energy storage: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 1771-1786.
    23. Adrián Caraballo & Santos Galán-Casado & Ángel Caballero & Sara Serena, 2021. "Molten Salts for Sensible Thermal Energy Storage: A Review and an Energy Performance Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-15, February.
    24. Li, Qi & Li, Chuan & Du, Zheng & Jiang, Feng & Ding, Yulong, 2019. "A review of performance investigation and enhancement of shell and tube thermal energy storage device containing molten salt based phase change materials for medium and high temperature applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    25. N’Tsoukpoe, Kokouvi Edem & Schmidt, Thomas & Rammelberg, Holger Urs & Watts, Beatriz Amanda & Ruck, Wolfgang K.L., 2014. "A systematic multi-step screening of numerous salt hydrates for low temperature thermochemical energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 1-16.
    26. González-Roubaud, Edouard & Pérez-Osorio, David & Prieto, Cristina, 2017. "Review of commercial thermal energy storage in concentrated solar power plants: Steam vs. molten salts," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 133-148.
    27. Milián, Yanio E. & Gutiérrez, Andrea & Grágeda, Mario & Ushak, Svetlana, 2017. "A review on encapsulation techniques for inorganic phase change materials and the influence on their thermophysical properties," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 983-999.
    28. Marta Muñoz & Antonio Rovira & María José Montes, 2022. "Thermodynamic cycles for solar thermal power plants: A review," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 11(2), March.
    29. Mohammadi, Kasra & Khanmohammadi, Saber & Khorasanizadeh, Hossein & Powell, Kody, 2020. "A comprehensive review of solar only and hybrid solar driven multigeneration systems: Classifications, benefits, design and prospective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    30. Merchán, R.P. & Santos, M.J. & Medina, A. & Calvo Hernández, A., 2022. "High temperature central tower plants for concentrated solar power: 2021 overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    31. Ioan Sarbu & Calin Sebarchievici, 2018. "A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Energy Storage," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(1), pages 1-32, January.
    32. Gunasekara, Saman Nimali & Pan, Ruijun & Chiu, Justin Ningwei & Martin, Viktoria, 2016. "Polyols as phase change materials for surplus thermal energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1439-1452.
    33. Modi, Anish & Bühler, Fabian & Andreasen, Jesper Graa & Haglind, Fredrik, 2017. "A review of solar energy based heat and power generation systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 1047-1064.
    34. Ewelina Radomska & Lukasz Mika & Karol Sztekler, 2020. "The Impact of Additives on the Main Properties of Phase Change Materials," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-34, June.
    35. Oró, Eduard & Gil, Antoni & de Gracia, Alvaro & Boer, Dieter & Cabeza, Luisa F., 2012. "Comparative life cycle assessment of thermal energy storage systems for solar power plants," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 166-173.
    36. Sharaf, M.A. & Nafey, A.S. & García-Rodríguez, Lourdes, 2011. "Thermo-economic analysis of solar thermal power cycles assisted MED-VC (multi effect distillation-vapor compression) desalination processes," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 2753-2764.
    37. Hawlader, M. N. A. & Uddin, M. S. & Khin, Mya Mya, 2003. "Microencapsulated PCM thermal-energy storage system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 74(1-2), pages 195-202, January.
    38. Ahmed Hassan & Mohammad Shakeel Laghari & Yasir Rashid, 2016. "Micro-Encapsulated Phase Change Materials: A Review of Encapsulation, Safety and Thermal Characteristics," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(10), pages 1-32, October.
    39. Agyenim, Francis & Eames, Philip & Smyth, Mervyn, 2010. "Heat transfer enhancement in medium temperature thermal energy storage system using a multitube heat transfer array," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 198-207.
    40. José Miguel Maldonado & Margalida Fullana-Puig & Marc Martín & Aran Solé & Ángel G. Fernández & Alvaro De Gracia & Luisa F. Cabeza, 2018. "Phase Change Material Selection for Thermal Energy Storage at High Temperature Range between 210 °C and 270 °C," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-13, April.
    41. Tehrani, S. Saeed Mostafavi & Taylor, Robert A. & Saberi, Pouya & Diarce, Gonzalo, 2016. "Design and feasibility of high temperature shell and tube latent heat thermal energy storage system for solar thermal power plants," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(PA), pages 120-136.
    42. Manoj Kumar Pasupathi & Karthick Alagar & Michael Joseph Stalin P & Matheswaran M.M & Ghosh Aritra, 2020. "Characterization of Hybrid-nano/Paraffin Organic Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage Applications in Solar Thermal Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-15, September.
    43. Agyenim, Francis & Hewitt, Neil & Eames, Philip & Smyth, Mervyn, 2010. "A review of materials, heat transfer and phase change problem formulation for latent heat thermal energy storage systems (LHTESS)," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 615-628, February.
    44. Islam, Md Tasbirul & Huda, Nazmul & Abdullah, A.B. & Saidur, R., 2018. "A comprehensive review of state-of-the-art concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies: Current status and research trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 987-1018.
    45. Tian, Heqing & Du, Lichan & Wei, Xiaolan & Deng, Suyan & Wang, Weilong & Ding, Jing, 2017. "Enhanced thermal conductivity of ternary carbonate salt phase change material with Mg particles for solar thermal energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 525-530.
    46. Khan, Mohammed Mumtaz A. & Saidur, R. & Al-Sulaiman, Fahad A., 2017. "A review for phase change materials (PCMs) in solar absorption refrigeration systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 105-137.
    47. Wong-Pinto, Liey-Si & Milian, Yanio & Ushak, Svetlana, 2020. "Progress on use of nanoparticles in salt hydrates as phase change materials," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 122(C).
    48. Shahsavar, Amin & Goodarzi, Abbas & Mohammed, Hayder I. & Shirneshan, Alireza & Talebizadehsardari, Pouyan, 2020. "Thermal performance evaluation of non-uniform fin array in a finned double-pipe latent heat storage system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    49. Sharma, Atul & Tyagi, V.V. & Chen, C.R. & Buddhi, D., 2009. "Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(2), pages 318-345, February.
    50. Dowling, Alexander W. & Zheng, Tian & Zavala, Victor M., 2017. "Economic assessment of concentrated solar power technologies: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 1019-1032.
    51. Gil, Antoni & Medrano, Marc & Martorell, Ingrid & Lázaro, Ana & Dolado, Pablo & Zalba, Belén & Cabeza, Luisa F., 2010. "State of the art on high temperature thermal energy storage for power generation. Part 1--Concepts, materials and modellization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 31-55, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Boldoo, Tsogtbilegt & Chinnasamy, Veerakumar & Cho, Honghyun, 2024. "Enhancing efficiency and sustainability: Utilizing high energy density paraffin-based various PCM emulsions for low-medium temperature applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
    2. Li, Dong & Cai, Jiangkuo & Arıcı, Müslüm & Zhao, Xuefeng & Meng, Lan & Wu, Yangyang & Gao, Meng & Wang, Di, 2024. "Operational characteristics of solar-gas combined heating water system with phase change heat storage units for oilfield hot water stations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    3. Fan, Man & Luan, Zhaoyang & Li, Han & Kong, Xiangfei & Kang, Yiting, 2024. "Experimental investigation on thermal performance of porous composite phase change storage device under different operating modes and parameters," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    4. Wu, Chunlei & Wang, Qing & Wang, Xinmin & Sun, Shipeng & Wang, Yuqi & Wu, Shuang & Bai, Jingru & Sheng, Hongyu & Zhang, Jinghui, 2024. "Al2O3 nanoparticles integration for comprehensive enhancement of eutectic salt thermal performance: Experimental design, molecular dynamics calculations, and system simulation studies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Li, Zhi & Lu, Yiji & Huang, Rui & Chang, Jinwei & Yu, Xiaonan & Jiang, Ruicheng & Yu, Xiaoli & Roskilly, Anthony Paul, 2021. "Applications and technological challenges for heat recovery, storage and utilisation with latent thermal energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    2. Opolot, Michael & Zhao, Chunrong & Liu, Ming & Mancin, Simone & Bruno, Frank & Hooman, Kamel, 2022. "A review of high temperature (≥ 500 °C) latent heat thermal energy storage," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    3. Liu, Yang & Zheng, Ruowei & Li, Ji, 2022. "High latent heat phase change materials (PCMs) with low melting temperature for thermal management and storage of electronic devices and power batteries: Critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    4. Daniarta, Sindu & Nemś, Magdalena & Kolasiński, Piotr, 2023. "A review on thermal energy storage applicable for low- and medium-temperature organic Rankine cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PA).
    5. Palacios, A. & Barreneche, C. & Navarro, M.E. & Ding, Y., 2020. "Thermal energy storage technologies for concentrated solar power – A review from a materials perspective," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 1244-1265.
    6. Islam, Md Tasbirul & Huda, Nazmul & Abdullah, A.B. & Saidur, R., 2018. "A comprehensive review of state-of-the-art concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies: Current status and research trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 987-1018.
    7. Khan, Mohammed Mumtaz A. & Saidur, R. & Al-Sulaiman, Fahad A., 2017. "A review for phase change materials (PCMs) in solar absorption refrigeration systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 105-137.
    8. Dubey, Abhayjeet kumar & Sun, Jingyi & Choudhary, Tushar & Dash, Madhusmita & Rakshit, Dibakar & Ansari, M Zahid & Ramakrishna, Seeram & Liu, Yong & Nanda, Himansu Sekhar, 2023. "Emerging phase change materials with improved thermal efficiency for a clean and sustainable environment: An approach towards net zero," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    9. Gasia, Jaume & Miró, Laia & Cabeza, Luisa F., 2017. "Review on system and materials requirements for high temperature thermal energy storage. Part 1: General requirements," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 1320-1338.
    10. Mostafavi Tehrani, S. Saeed & Shoraka, Yashar & Nithyanandam, Karthik & Taylor, Robert A., 2019. "Shell-and-tube or packed bed thermal energy storage systems integrated with a concentrated solar power: A techno-economic comparison of sensible and latent heat systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C), pages 887-910.
    11. Rostami, Sara & Afrand, Masoud & Shahsavar, Amin & Sheikholeslami, M. & Kalbasi, Rasool & Aghakhani, Saeed & Shadloo, Mostafa Safdari & Oztop, Hakan F., 2020. "A review of melting and freezing processes of PCM/nano-PCM and their application in energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    12. Khamlich, Imane & Zeng, Kuo & Flamant, Gilles & Baeyens, Jan & Zou, Chongzhe & Li, Jun & Yang, Xinyi & He, Xiao & Liu, Qingchuan & Yang, Haiping & Yang, Qing & Chen, Hanping, 2021. "Technical and economic assessment of thermal energy storage in concentrated solar power plants within a spot electricity market," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    13. Costa, Sol Carolina & Kenisarin, Murat, 2022. "A review of metallic materials for latent heat thermal energy storage: Thermophysical properties, applications, and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    14. Zhang, Hanfei & Shin, Donghyun & Santhanagopalan, Sunand, 2019. "Microencapsulated binary carbonate salt mixture in silica shell with enhanced effective heat capacity for high temperature latent heat storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 1156-1162.
    15. Sara Pascual & Pilar Lisbona & Luis M. Romeo, 2022. "Thermal Energy Storage in Concentrating Solar Power Plants: A Review of European and North American R&D Projects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-32, November.
    16. Mostafavi Tehrani, S. Saeed & Shoraka, Yashar & Diarce, Gonzalo & Taylor, Robert A., 2019. "An improved, generalized effective thermal conductivity method for rapid design of high temperature shell-and-tube latent heat thermal energy storage systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 694-708.
    17. Tiwari, Vivek & Rai, Aakash C. & Srinivasan, P., 2021. "Parametric analysis and optimization of a latent heat thermal energy storage system for concentrated solar power plants under realistic operating conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 305-319.
    18. Muhammad Saqib & Rafal Andrzejczyk, 2023. "A review of phase change materials and heat enhancement methodologies," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 12(3), May.
    19. Ge, Haoshan & Li, Haiyan & Mei, Shengfu & Liu, Jing, 2013. "Low melting point liquid metal as a new class of phase change material: An emerging frontier in energy area," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 21(C), pages 331-346.
    20. Huang, Xiang & Alva, Guruprasad & Jia, Yuting & Fang, Guiyin, 2017. "Morphological characterization and applications of phase change materials in thermal energy storage: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 128-145.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    CSP; TES; LHTES; PCM; SDG;
    All these keywords.

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:189:y:2024:i:pb:s1364032123007621. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.