IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v189y2024ipas1364032123008717.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Load frequency control in smart grids: A review of recent developments

Author

Listed:
  • Wadi, Mohammed
  • Shobole, Abdulfetah
  • Elmasry, Wisam
  • Kucuk, Ismail

Abstract

This study provides a comprehensive and fresh review of load frequency control (LFC) in multi-area interconnected power systems (MAIPSs). The central tasks of LFC are to keep frequency variations as minimum as possible to achieve an acceptable level of stability. This research provides a complete view, from early classical control to recent technologies and modern techniques considering strategies, robust, optimal, self-tuning, and adaptive controllers for LFC in MAIPSs. Fuzzy control and earlier and recent optimization algorithms also are analyzed. The linearity, nonlinearity, and uncertainty of LFC models are also investigated. This review emphasizes recent technological advances and novel control strategies. LFC is also considered with the integration of wind, photovoltaic, electric vehicles, and storage devices. Besides, the utilization of machine learning and reinforcement techniques is examined. Further, LFC in smart grids and modern complex power systems concerning limited communication bandwidth, communication failure, and cyber-attacks are also investigated. This review provides an in-depth and detailed diagnosis of the challenges associated with LFC in modern and complex power systems. This work may be valuable for studies and practitioners interested in LFC. It, in detail, investigates future efforts and directions to enhance LFC performance, stability, and reliability in the face of increasing complexity and uncertainty.

Suggested Citation

  • Wadi, Mohammed & Shobole, Abdulfetah & Elmasry, Wisam & Kucuk, Ismail, 2024. "Load frequency control in smart grids: A review of recent developments," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PA).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:189:y:2024:i:pa:s1364032123008717
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.114013
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032123008717
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114013?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Komboigo Charles & Naomitsu Urasaki & Tomonobu Senjyu & Mohammed Elsayed Lotfy & Lei Liu, 2018. "Robust Load Frequency Control Schemes in Power System Using Optimized PID and Model Predictive Controllers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-18, November.
    2. Tayyab Ali & Suheel Abdullah Malik & Ibrahim A. Hameed & Amil Daraz & Hana Mujlid & Ahmad Taher Azar, 2022. "Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulation in a Multi-Area Interconnected Power System Using Nature-Inspired Computation-Based Control Methodology," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-30, September.
    3. Bui Le Ngoc Minh & Van Van Huynh & Tam Minh Nguyen & Yao Wen Tsai, 2018. "Decentralized Adaptive Double Integral Sliding Mode Controller for Multi-Area Power Systems," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, vol. 2018, pages 1-11, October.
    4. Hassan Haes Alhelou & Mohamad-Esmail Hamedani-Golshan & Reza Zamani & Ehsan Heydarian-Forushani & Pierluigi Siano, 2018. "Challenges and Opportunities of Load Frequency Control in Conventional, Modern and Future Smart Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-35, September.
    5. Fei Zhao & Jinsha Yuan & Ning Wang & Zhang Zhang & Helong Wen, 2019. "Secure Load Frequency Control of Smart Grids under Deception Attack: A Piecewise Delay Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-15, June.
    6. Xilin Zhao & Jingjing He & Bo Fu & Li He & Guanghui Xu, 2018. "A System Compensation Based Model Predictive AGC Method for Multiarea Interconnected Power Systems with High Penetration of PV System and Random Time Delay between Different Areas," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, vol. 2018, pages 1-10, October.
    7. Pappachen, Abhijith & Peer Fathima, A., 2017. "Critical research areas on load frequency control issues in a deregulated power system: A state-of-the-art-of-review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 163-177.
    8. Ali Dokht Shakibjoo & Mohammad Moradzadeh & Seyed Zeinolabedin Moussavi & Lieven Vandevelde, 2020. "A Novel Technique for Load Frequency Control of Multi-Area Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-19, April.
    9. Anh-Tuan Tran & Bui Le Ngoc Minh & Phong Thanh Tran & Van Van Huynh & Van-Duc Phan & Viet-Thanh Pham & Tam Minh Nguyen & Rui Wang, 2021. "Adaptive Integral Second-Order Sliding Mode Control Design for Load Frequency Control of Large-Scale Power System with Communication Delays," Complexity, Hindawi, vol. 2021, pages 1-19, March.
    10. Mejia-Ruiz, Gabriel E. & Paternina, Mario R. Arrieta & Segundo Sevilla, Felix Rafael & Korba, Petr, 2022. "Fast hierarchical coordinated controller for distributed battery energy storage systems to mitigate voltage and frequency deviations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    11. Li, Jiawen & Yu, Tao & Zhang, Xiaoshun, 2022. "Coordinated load frequency control of multi-area integrated energy system using multi-agent deep reinforcement learning," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PA).
    12. Deepak Kumar Gupta & Ankit Kumar Soni & Amitkumar V. Jha & Sunil Kumar Mishra & Bhargav Appasani & Avireni Srinivasulu & Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong, 2021. "Hybrid Gravitational–Firefly Algorithm-Based Load Frequency Control for Hydrothermal Two-Area System," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(7), pages 1-15, March.
    13. Huan Wang & Guoqiang Zeng & Yuxing Dai & Daqiang Bi & Jingliao Sun & Xiaoqing Xie, 2017. "Design of a Fractional Order Frequency PID Controller for an Islanded Microgrid: A Multi-Objective Extremal Optimization Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-18, October.
    14. Reda, Haftu Tasew & Anwar, Adnan & Mahmood, Abdun, 2022. "Comprehensive survey and taxonomies of false data injection attacks in smart grids: attack models, targets, and impacts," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).
    15. Sadeq D. Al-Majidi & Mohammed Kh. AL-Nussairi & Ali Jasim Mohammed & Adel Manaa Dakhil & Maysam F. Abbod & Hamed S. Al-Raweshidy, 2022. "Design of a Load Frequency Controller Based on an Optimal Neural Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-28, August.
    16. Bitirgen, Kübra & Filik, Ümmühan Başaran, 2023. "A hybrid deep learning model for discrimination of physical disturbance and cyber-attack detection in smart grid," International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, Elsevier, vol. 40(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Sadeq D. Al-Majidi & Hisham Dawood Salman Altai & Mohammed H. Lazim & Mohammed Kh. Al-Nussairi & Maysam F. Abbod & Hamed S. Al-Raweshidy, 2023. "Bacterial Foraging Algorithm for a Neural Network Learning Improvement in an Automatic Generation Controller," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-19, March.
    2. Rafiq Asghar & Francesco Riganti Fulginei & Hamid Wadood & Sarmad Saeed, 2023. "A Review of Load Frequency Control Schemes Deployed for Wind-Integrated Power Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-29, May.
    3. Daraz, Amil, 2023. "Optimized cascaded controller for frequency stabilization of marine microgrid system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 350(C).
    4. Eleftherios Vlahakis & Leonidas Dritsas & George Halikias, 2019. "Distributed LQR Design for a Class of Large-Scale Multi-Area Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-28, July.
    5. Athira M. Mohan & Nader Meskin & Hasan Mehrjerdi, 2020. "A Comprehensive Review of the Cyber-Attacks and Cyber-Security on Load Frequency Control of Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-33, July.
    6. Kaleem Ullah & Abdul Basit & Zahid Ullah & Sheraz Aslam & Herodotos Herodotou, 2021. "Automatic Generation Control Strategies in Conventional and Modern Power Systems: A Comprehensive Overview," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-43, April.
    7. Bhargav Appasani & Amitkumar V. Jha & Deepak Kumar Gupta & Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong, 2023. "PSO α : A Fragmented Swarm Optimisation for Improved Load Frequency Control of a Hybrid Power System Using FOPID," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-17, February.
    8. Hossam Hassan Ali & Ahmed Fathy & Abdullah M. Al-Shaalan & Ahmed M. Kassem & Hassan M. H. Farh & Abdullrahman A. Al-Shamma’a & Hossam A. Gabbar, 2021. "A Novel Sooty Terns Algorithm for Deregulated MPC-LFC Installed in Multi-Interconnected System with Renewable Energy Plants," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-27, August.
    9. Sadeq D. Al-Majidi & Mohammed Kh. AL-Nussairi & Ali Jasim Mohammed & Adel Manaa Dakhil & Maysam F. Abbod & Hamed S. Al-Raweshidy, 2022. "Design of a Load Frequency Controller Based on an Optimal Neural Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-28, August.
    10. Min-Rong Chen & Guo-Qiang Zeng & Yu-Xing Dai & Kang-Di Lu & Da-Qiang Bi, 2018. "Fractional-Order Model Predictive Frequency Control of an Islanded Microgrid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-21, December.
    11. Li, Zhihao & Yang, Lun & Xu, Yinliang, 2023. "A dynamics-constrained method for distributed frequency regulation in low-inertia power systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 344(C).
    12. Balvender Singh & Adam Slowik & Shree Krishan Bishnoi, 2023. "Review on Soft Computing-Based Controllers for Frequency Regulation of Diverse Traditional, Hybrid, and Future Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-30, February.
    13. Saqib Yousuf & Viqar Yousuf & Neeraj Gupta & Talal Alharbi & Omar Alrumayh, 2023. "Enhanced Control Designs to Abate Frequency Oscillations in Compensated Power System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-20, February.
    14. Latif, Abdul & Hussain, S.M. Suhail & Das, Dulal Chandra & Ustun, Taha Selim, 2020. "State-of-the-art of controllers and soft computing techniques for regulated load frequency management of single/multi-area traditional and renewable energy based power systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
    15. Amil Daraz & Suheel Abdullah Malik & Ihsan Ul Haq & Khan Bahadar Khan & Ghulam Fareed Laghari & Farhan Zafar, 2020. "Modified PID controller for automatic generation control of multi-source interconnected power system using fitness dependent optimizer algorithm," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(11), pages 1-31, November.
    16. Xinghua Liu & Siwei Qiao & Zhiwei Liu, 2023. "A Survey on Load Frequency Control of Multi-Area Power Systems: Recent Challenges and Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-22, February.
    17. Anh-Tuan Tran & Bui Le Ngoc Minh & Van Van Huynh & Phong Thanh Tran & Emmanuel Nduka Amaefule & Van-Duc Phan & Tam Minh Nguyen, 2021. "Load Frequency Regulator in Interconnected Power System Using Second-Order Sliding Mode Control Combined with State Estimator," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-17, February.
    18. Wu, Long & Yin, Xunyuan & Pan, Lei & Liu, Jinfeng, 2023. "Distributed economic predictive control of integrated energy systems for enhanced synergy and grid response: A decomposition and cooperation strategy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).
    19. Dillip Kumar Mishra & Daria Złotecka & Li Li, 2022. "Significance of SMES Devices for Power System Frequency Regulation Scheme considering Distributed Energy Resources in a Deregulated Environment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-32, February.
    20. Ninoslav Holjevac & Tomislav Baškarad & Josip Đaković & Matej Krpan & Matija Zidar & Igor Kuzle, 2021. "Challenges of High Renewable Energy Sources Integration in Power Systems—The Case of Croatia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-20, February.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:189:y:2024:i:pa:s1364032123008717. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.