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Potential of data centers for fast frequency response services in synchronously isolated power systems

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  • Al Kez, Dlzar
  • Foley, Aoife M.
  • Ahmed, Faraedoon W.
  • O'Malley, Mark
  • Muyeen, S.M.

Abstract

Grid frequency support is one of the most challenging issues in wind rich islanded power systems. This problem becomes critical with the displacement of synchronous generators and their associated services (i.e., inertia and primary operating reserve). The services that are lost can be replaced by other sources, such as demand response schemes to enhance the resiliency and security of power system operations. Demand response based on internet data centers is expected to become an increasingly important asset to make a significant contribution to frequency ancillary services. To exploit this resource, internet service companies are expected to combine the capabilities of a variety of data centers to participate as a single provider similar to a virtual power plant. In this context, this work develops a novel framework for cooperative participation of data centers delay-tolerant workloads and backup power supply units to provide effective fast frequency response service. This is achieved by employing the model predictive controller to initiate reference signals to data center resources while respecting device operating conditions and constraints. Various case studies are run on the modified linear model of the 39 Bus system via dynamic simulations for the projected 75 % system non-synchronous penetration. Simulation results demonstrate the potential of different data center configurations to stabilize grid frequency during signal delays and severe cascade failures. The analysis shows that the proposed framework is critical to the adoption of renewable energy and reduces the requirement for an expensive spinning reserve used in a typical power system.

Suggested Citation

  • Al Kez, Dlzar & Foley, Aoife M. & Ahmed, Faraedoon W. & O'Malley, Mark & Muyeen, S.M., 2021. "Potential of data centers for fast frequency response services in synchronously isolated power systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:151:y:2021:i:c:s136403212100825x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111547
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Alaperä, Ilari & Honkapuro, Samuli & Paananen, Janne, 2018. "Data centers as a source of dynamic flexibility in smart girds," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 69-79.
    2. Wang, Wei & Abdolrashidi, Amirali & Yu, Nanpeng & Wong, Daniel, 2019. "Frequency regulation service provision in data center with computational flexibility," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    3. Fu, Yangyang & Han, Xu & Baker, Kyri & Zuo, Wangda, 2020. "Assessments of data centers for provision of frequency regulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    4. Hui, Hongxun & Ding, Yi & Song, Yonghua & Rahman, Saifur, 2019. "Modeling and control of flexible loads for frequency regulation services considering compensation of communication latency and detection error," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C), pages 161-174.
    5. Robert Basmadjian, 2019. "Flexibility-Based Energy and Demand Management in Data Centers: A Case Study for Cloud Computing," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-22, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Isazadeh, Amin & Ziviani, Davide & Claridge, David E., 2023. "Global trends, performance metrics, and energy reduction measures in datacom facilities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    2. L., Lavanya & Swarup, K.S., 2024. "Inertia monitoring in power systems: Critical features, challenges, and framework," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 190(PA).
    3. Edemar O. Prado & Pedro C. Bolsi & Hamiltom C. Sartori & José R. Pinheiro, 2023. "Design of Uninterruptible Power Supply Inverters for Different Modulation Techniques Using Pareto Front for Cost and Efficiency Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-16, January.
    4. Hampton, Harrison & Foley, Aoife, 2022. "A review of current analytical methods, modelling tools and development frameworks applicable for future retail electricity market design," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    5. Ahmed, Faraedoon & Al Kez, Dlzar & McLoone, Seán & Best, Robert James & Cameron, Ché & Foley, Aoife, 2023. "Dynamic grid stability in low carbon power systems with minimum inertia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 486-506.

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